Schrödinger operators with \(A_\infty\) potentials (Q309011)

The authors study the heat kernel \(p(x,y,t)\) associated to the real Schrödinger operator \(H=-\Delta +V\) on \(L^2(\mathbb R^n)\), \(n\geq 1\). The main result is the following pointwise upper bound on \(p\) when the potential \(V\) belongs to the Muckenhoupt class \(A_\infty\): \[ p(x,y,t) \leq \frac{c_{0}}{t^{n/2}}e^{-c_{2}\frac{|x-y|^2}{t}} \exp\left\{-c_{1}m_{\beta}(t\,\text{av}_{Z_{\sqrt{t}}(x)} V)^{1/2}\right\}, \] where \(c_{i} > 0\) for \(i =0,1,2\) and \(m_{\beta}(x) = x\) for \(x \leq 1\) and \(m_{\beta}(x) = x^{\beta}\) for \(x \geq 1\); \[ \text{av}_{Z_{r}(x)} V = \frac{1}{|Z_{r}(x)|} \int\limits_{Z_{r}(x)} V\, dx \] denote the average of \(V\) over the cube \(Z_r(x)\) centered at \(x\) with side length \(r\). In the case that \(V\) belongs to the reverse Hölder class \(RH_\infty\), the authors also prove a lower bound for \(p\) whose dependence on \(V\) is analogous to the \(V\)-dependent decay of the upper bound. Additionally, the explicit heat kernel for a quadratic polynomial \(V\) on \(\mathbb R\) is provided.