Nikol'skii-Besov spaces and their approximation characteristics for Dunkl harmonic analysis (Q326916)

The space \(L_{p,\alpha}\) consists of functions \(f:\,{\mathbb R}\to{\mathbb R}\), for which the following norm \[ \left\|f\right\|_{p,\alpha}:= \left(\int_{{\mathbb R}}\left|f\left(x\right)\right|^p\,d\mu_\alpha\left(x\right)\right)^{1/p}, \quad 1\leq p<\infty, \] \[ \left\|f\right\|_{\infty,\alpha}:=\mathop{\text{ess\,sup}}_{x\in{\mathbb R}}\left|f\left(x\right)\right| \] is finite. Here, \(\alpha>-1/2\), and \[ d\mu_\alpha\left(x\right)=\frac{\left|x\right|^{2\alpha+1}}{2^{\alpha+1}\Gamma\left(\alpha+1\right)}\,dx. \] For \(f\in C^1\left({\mathbb R}\right)\), the Dunkl differential-difference operator is defined by \[ D_\alpha f\left(x\right)=\frac{df}{dx}\left(x\right)+\left(\alpha+\frac{1}{2}\right) \frac{f\left(x\right)-f\left(-x\right)}{x}. \] The spaces \(L_{p,\alpha}\) are embedded into \({\mathcal S}'\), the dual of the Schwartz space \({\mathcal S}\). For \(u\in{\mathcal S}'\), \(D_\alpha u\) is defined by \[ \left<D_\alpha u,\varphi\right>:=-\left<u,D_\alpha\varphi\right>,\quad\varphi\in{\mathcal S}, \] where \[ \left<f,g\right>:=\int_{{\mathbb R}}f\left(x\right)g\left(x\right)\,d\mu_\alpha\left(x\right). \] Using a generalized translation operator, the authors define a special modulus of smoothness \(\omega_k\left(f,\delta\right)_{p,\alpha}\) for a function \(f\in L_{p,\alpha}\). Now, let \(1\leq p<\infty\), and \(r>0\) be real numbers, and let \(k\), and \(m\) be non-negative integers with the property \(m<;r<k+m\). The spaces \(H_p^{r,\alpha}\) consist of all functions \(f\in L_{p,\alpha}\), such that \(D_\alpha f,D_\alpha^2f,\dots,D_\alpha^mf\in L_{p,\alpha}\), and \[ \omega_k\left(D_\alpha^mf,\delta\right)_{p,\alpha}\leq A_f\delta^{r-m},\quad\delta>0, \] for some \(A_f>0\). The following expression defines a semi-norm on \(H_p^{r,\alpha}\): \[ h_p^r\left(f\right):=\sup_{\delta>0}\frac{\omega_k\left(D_\alpha^mf,\delta\right)_{p,\alpha}}{\delta^{r-m}}. \] Furthermore, \(H_p^{r,\alpha}\) is a Banach space with the norm \[ \left\|f\right\|_{H_p^{r,\alpha}}:=\left\|f\right\|_{p,\alpha}+h_p^r\left(f\right). \] The authors show that the space \(H_p^{r,\alpha}\) does not depend on the actual choice of \(k\) and \(m\) (see the Theorem below). The space of all entire functions of exponential type at most \(\sigma\) whose restrictions to \({\mathbb R}\) belong to \(L_{p,\alpha}\) is denoted by \(E_{p,\alpha}^\sigma\). The best approximation of \(f\in L_{p,\alpha}\) by such functions is \[ E_\sigma\left(f\right)_{p,\alpha}:=\inf\left\{\left\|f-g\right\|_{p,\alpha}\,:\,g\in E_{p,\alpha}^\sigma\right\}. \] One of the main results of the article gives a characterization of the space \(H_p^{r,\alpha}\) by the order of approximation by functions from the \(E_{p,\alpha}^\sigma\) class: Theorem. If \(f\in H_p^{r,\alpha}\), then \[ E_\sigma\left(f\right)_{p,\alpha}\leq c_2\frac{h_p^r\left(f\right)}{\sigma^r}, \] for \(\sigma\geq 1\). Conversely, if \(f\in L_{p,\alpha}\) and \[ E_\sigma\left(f\right)_{p,\alpha}\leq \frac{A}{\sigma^r}, \] for \(\sigma\geq 1\), where \(A\) is a constant that does not depend on \(\sigma\) (but depends on \(f\)), then \(f\in H_p^{r,\alpha}\) for all non-negative integers \(k\), \(m\), such that \(m<r<m+k\), and \[ \left\|f\right\|_{H_p^{r,\alpha}}\leq C\left(\left\|f\right\|_{p,\alpha}+A\right), \] where \(C=C\left(k,m,r,\alpha\right)\) is a constant. The other main result is a description of the space \(B_{p,q,\alpha}^r\) in terms of the best approximations. The article should be interesting for specialists in harmonic analysis, functional analysis, and approximation theory.