Hamiltonian structure of the Schrödinger classical dynamical system (Q338158)

It is claimed in a long introduction that the paper under review ``is part of a systematic research project dealing with the foundations of Quantum Mechanics which involves both Eulerian and trajectory-based representations of quantum wave equations and of the corresponding quantum hydrodynamic equations as well the underlying mathematical structure in terms of suitable classical dynamical systems (\textit{CDS}) which are in turn related with appropriate phase-space or configuration-space Lagrangian trajectories, either non-relativistic or relativistic ones.'' In this endeavor the authors also remember that ``\(\ldots\) starting from the pioneering work of Wigner \(\ldots\) phase-space techniques \(\ldots\) typically require that the quantum fluid fields or the wave-function itself be represented in terms of, or associated with, appropriate phase-space functions. These are usually identified with quasi-probabilities'', which however -- as it is well known -- ``can become singular or negative.'' But such inconsistencies ``can be avoided by appropriate re-definition of the notion of Lagrangian trajectory to be adopted in the context of Standard Quantum Mechanics.'' The working-plan of the paper -- based on some author's previous papers -- is then ``to display the Hamiltonian structure of quantum systems which arises upon adopting a suitable trajectory-parametrization of the corresponding set of quantum hydrodynamic equations.'' As a matter of fact this is known to be an old, open problem, and the authors start with a few, familiar remarks in the framework of the Bohmian mechanics to find at once that this theory ``is considered highly controversial'' because its \textit{LP}'s (Lagrangian Paths) are indeed deterministic, and hence ``in contradiction with standard quantum mechanics in particular due to the possible violation of the Heisenberg theorem''. After gladly dismissing this, and other time-honored approaches (as that of E. Nelson) based on the hypothesis of underlying stochastic processes, they then introduce their notion of \textit{GLP} (Generalized Lagrangian Path) supposedly enabling them to avoid the said inconsistencies. As you can tell from this verbose, and not always very perspicuous, text, the main idea boils down first to replace the deterministic Bohmian equations ``by means of a suitable stochastic initial value problem,'' and second to assume that ``the quantum fluid fields, including the velocity field itself are stochastic, i.e., depend on appropriate stochastic variables.'' This, however, appears to be implemented in the simplest possible (maybe naive) way by making the fluid fields of the \textit{CDS} dependent on ``appropriate stochastic variables'' \(\Delta\mathbf r\) with a prescribed \textit{PDF}, which nonetheless never seems to be given explicitly in the paper. The authors claim that ``from the mathematical viewpoint\dots the difference between the two \textit{CDS} [the Bohmian and the authors'] is conceptually elementary, being provided by the arbitrary additive stochastic vector field \(\Delta\mathbf r\) \(\ldots\) Nevertheless from the physical standpoint the difference between the two notions \(\ldots\) is actually critical. In fact while \textit{LP} are deterministic, i.e., unique, \textit{GLP} are stochastic \(\ldots\) The adoption of \textit{GLP}-theory and \textit{GLP}-parametrization in place of Bohmian \textit{QM} and the corresponding deterministic \textit{LP}-parametrization permits one to determine a Lagrangian formulation of \textit{QM} which remains physically consistent with the axioms of Standard Quantum Mechanics.'' But, as can be seen from the presentation of Section \(2\), the authors simply start out with a Schrödinger equation \((28)\) where wave function and Hamiltonian are ``stochastic functions'' of the said \(\Delta\mathbf r\), and they go on with a Liouville (namely non diffusive) evolution of the phase-space distributions, so that the reader is left wondering if the whole source of randomness is here restricted just to the initial conditions. Remark that no Itô calculus is invoked to deal with the equations of such (supposedly stochastic) functions, while the names of Gauss and Wiener -- for instance -- are not uttered at all along these 41 pages Be that as it may, the stated goals of the paper, as discussed in the subsequent \(7\) sections, are: {\parindent=0.7cm \begin{itemize}\item[--] to display the ``Eulerian and Lagrangian representations of the quantum hydrodynamic equations associated with the \(N\)-body Schrödinger equation \(\ldots\)'' \item[--] to formulate ``a suitable statistical description, to be referred to as inverse kinetic/statistical theory'' \item[--] to display ``the unique realization of the Schrödinger \textit{CDS} which advances in time the \textit{PDF} \(g(\mathbf r,\mathbf v, t)\), when expressed in terms of an appropriate classical canonical state'' \item[--] to search for a ``decomposition of the Schrödinger \textit{CDS} \(\ldots\) which advances in time the state \(\mathbf x = (\mathbf r,\mathbf v)\), in such a way that for all \(t\): \(\mathbf x(t) = \mathbf y(t) + \mathbf z(t)\)'' where \(\mathbf y\) and \(\mathbf z\) are suitable phase-state variables \item[--] to investigate the conditions under which ``both the same \textit{CDS} 's realize Hamiltonian systems, i.e., correspond to equations of motion prescribing the time-evolution of the related states \(\mathbf y(t)\) and \(\mathbf z(t)\) are canonical'' to perform ``a detailed analysis concerning the main physical implications of the theory'' \end{itemize}} In the conclusions it is finally claimed that ``the adoption of the quantum hydrodynamic equations associated with the Schrödinger equation \(\ldots\) is usually regarded as having limitations and disadvantages \(\ldots\) The common wisdom is that this should happen because this type of formalism puts quantum mechanics in an apparently inconvenient non-linear form, which conceals the superposition principle \(\ldots\) In contrast to such views, here we have shown that the re-interpretation of the quantum hydrodynamic equations in terms of the said inverse kinetic theory permits one to establish a novel connection with the theory of classical dynamical systems \(\ldots\) This makes possible also the identification of the mean-field force-field which advances in time the same \textit{PDF} by means of a suitable \(N\)-body Liouville statistical equation. The basic implications are: (1) first the complete set of quantum fluid fields are uniquely prescribed as moments of the same PDF and advance in time by means of the same \textit{PDF}; (2) the Schrödinger \textit{CDS} is uniquely prescribed by the same mean-field force-field; (3) the uniquely-prescribed form of the same mean-field vector field permits to investigate the qualitative properties of the Schrödinger \textit{CDS}.''