Refined composite invariants of torus knots via DAHA (Q341049)

The Rosso-Jones formula provides the Homflypt polynomial of \(K*Q_{\lambda}\) (the satellite with companion the torus knot \(K=T^{r,s}\) and pattern an eigenvector \(Q_{\lambda}\) of the meridian map of the skein of the annulus), in terms of quantum dimensions of certain irreducible representations of an appropriate quantum group. In a more algebraic context, this turns out to be the invariant calculated via an endomorphism (based on the universal \(R\)-matrix) of the tensor product of some copies of the irreducible representation \(V_{\lambda}\) (see \textit{V. G. Turaev}'s book [Quantum invariants of knots and 3-manifolds. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (1994; Zbl 0812.57003)]). In both contexts the index \(\lambda\) is a partition or Young diagram. In \(Q_{\lambda}\) all the strands are oriented in one way around the annulus; a natural basis \(\{ Q_{\lambda, \mu} \}\) of the full (both directions) skein of the annulus, indexed by composite partitions \([\lambda, \mu]\), was provided by \textit{R. J. Hadji} and \textit{H. R. Morton} [Math. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 141, No. 1, 81--100 (2006; Zbl 1108.57005)]. In the first section of the paper there is a proof of the Rosso-Jones formula for the case of composite partitions \([\lambda, \mu]\). The necessary analog of the \(r\)-Adams operations (defined via plethysm) for composite partitions justifies the sort of coefficients that appear in the final formula. The second and main section reviews the necessary theory in order to define the DAHA-Jones polynomial and the DAHA-superpolynomials of torus knots (DAHA is acronym for double affine Hecke algebra, definition in the paper). Then the authors prove results about existence, specialization and duality involving the transpose of Young diagrams. A final result in this section recovers the Homflypt polynomial (of torus knots) for composite partitions as a certain specialization of the DAHA-superpolynomial. Some explicit polynomials are shown in Section 3 considering the trefoil \(T^{3,2}\) and \(T^{4,3}\) and composite partitions made of small rows and columns and the smallest hook \(\lambda = (2,1)\). In a final section, of experimental nature, the authors define and show examples of hyperpolynomials for the magic exceptional series, closely related to the Deligne-Gross approach to the exceptional root systems.