Two-phase quadrature domains (Q351363)

For any measure \(\mu\) on \(\mathbb{R}^N\), \(N\geq 2\), let \(U\mu\) be the Newtonian potential of \(\mu\) when \(N\geq 3\) and the logarithmic potential of \(\mu\) when \(N=2\). The Lebesgue measure on \(\mathbb{R}^N\) will be denoted by \(\lambda\). Let \(\Omega^+\) and \(\Omega^-\) be disjoint bounded open subsets of \(\mathbb{R}^N\), \(N\geq 2\), and \(\mu^+\) and \(\mu^-\) be nonnegative measures with compact supports in \(\Omega^+\) and \(\Omega^-\), respectively. If \[ U(\lambda|_{\Omega^+}-\lambda|_{\Omega^-})=U(\mu^+-\mu^-) \] on \(\mathbb{R}^N\setminus(\Omega^+\cup\Omega^-)\), then \((\Omega^+, \Omega^-)\) is called a two-phase quadrature domain for harmonic functions with respect to \((\mu^+, \mu^-)\). If, in addition, \[ U(\mu^+-\lambda|_{\Omega^+})-U(\mu^--\lambda|_{\Omega^-}) \] is nonnegative on \(\Omega^+\) and nonpositive on \(\Omega^-\), then \((\Omega^+, \Omega^-)\) is called a two-phase quadrature domain for subharmonic functions with respect to \((\mu^+, \mu^-)\). These concepts are related to free boundary problems. In the paper, the authors give characterizations of two-phase quadrature domains and develop a method of constructing quadrature domains. They also give sufficient conditions for the existence of such domains and some results on the uniqueness of such domains.