Kernels of asymmetric Toeplitz operators and applications to almost periodic factorization (Q371793)

The existence of an AP factorization of a matrix function \(G\) is closely related to the study of some properties of the solutions of a Riemann-Hilbert problem \[ G\psi_+=\psi_-,\tag{1} \] where the vector functions \(\psi_\pm\) are analytic in the upper and lower half-plane \({\mathbb C}^\pm\), respectively. The relation between these two problems is considered in this paper, namely, when \(G\) is a lower triangular \(2\times 2\) matrix with \(e_{-\lambda}\) and \(e_{\tilde\lambda}\) on the diagonal and \(g\) is a Wiener almost periodic (APW) function in the corner. Here \(e_\alpha\) means the exponential function \(e^{i\alpha\xi}\) and \(\lambda, \tilde\lambda\) are non-negative real numbers. It is shown that determining solutions \(\psi_\pm\) of (1), when \(G\) is of the mentioned form, is equivalent to describing the kernel of the asymmetric Toeplitz operator \[ T_g^{\lambda,\tilde\lambda}:P_{[0,\lambda]}APW\longrightarrow P_{(0,\tilde\lambda)}APW, \] which is defined by \[ T_g^{\lambda, \tilde\lambda}\phi=P_{(0, \tilde\lambda)}(g\phi) \] for every \(\phi\in P_{[0,\lambda]}APW\). A complete description of kernels of asymmetric Toeplitz operators \(T_g^{\lambda, \tilde\lambda}\) for different functions \(g\) is also considered and used to study several classes of matrix functions of the above mentioned form with \(\lambda=\tilde\lambda\). For these cases, necessary and sufficient factorability conditions are established and explicit formulas for the partial indices and factors are also obtained, whenever the factorization exists.