Existence of divergent Birkhoff normal forms of Hamiltonian functions (Q372154)

Any analytic map with a non-resonant fixed point can be transformed through a formal canonical transformation into its Birkhoff normal form. Of course, this formal transformation is in general divergent (see, for instance, [\textit{H. Ito}, Comment. Math. Helv, 51, No. 3, 412--461 (1989;Zbl 0686.58021)]). In the present work, the author deals with the divergence of the Birkhoff normal form itself. In the paper, \(\mathbb{R}^4\) is considered as a symplectic space with the standard symplectic \(2\)-form \(\omega = dx_1\wedge dy_1+dx_2 \wedge dy_2\). If a map, analytic around the origin, has the form \[ h(x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2) = \lambda_1 x_1 y_1 + \lambda_2 x_2 y_2 + O(\|(x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2)\|^3) \] and \(\lambda_1,\lambda_2\) are non-resonant, that is, \(k_1 \lambda_1+k_2 \lambda_2 \neq 0\) for all \((k_1,k_2) \in \mathbb{Z}^2\setminus \{(0,0)\}\), then it is possible to find a formal canonical transformation~\(\varphi\), that is, a formal power series, such that \(h \circ \varphi^{-1}\) is in Birkhoff normal form, namely, it is a formal power series in \(x_1 y_1\) and \(x_2 y_2\). It is well known [\textit{C. L. Siegel}, Ann. Math. (2) 42, 806--822 (1941; Zbl 0025.26503)] that, in general, the formal transformation~\(\varphi\) is divergent. The author, in the present work, proves that there exist some non-resonant \(\lambda_1,\lambda_2\) and an analytic function \(h\) of the above form such that its Birkhoff normal form is divergent. The claim also holds for analytic maps of the form \[ \lambda_1 (x_1^2+ y_1^2) + \lambda_2 (x_2^2 y_2^2) + O(\|(x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2)\|^3) \] with appropriate non-resonant \(\lambda_1,\lambda_2\). The proof is based on the study of how the small divisors that appear in the formal map~\(\varphi\) affect the normal form \(h\circ \varphi^{-1}\) and uses Siegel's arguments in [loc. cit.].