No label defined (Q3836714)

The authors classify all possible local phase portraits of the planar systems \[ \begin{aligned} dx/dt &= A_1x^2+ A_2xy+ A_3y^2+ X(x,y),\\ dy/dt &= -B_1x^2- B_2xy- B_3y^2- Y(x,y),\end{aligned}\tag{\(*\)} \] where \(X\), \(Y\) are real-analytic in a neighborhood of the origin whose Taylor series start with third-order terms. Using affine transformations, \textit{K. S. Sibirskij} had previously given a classification of \((*)\) with respect to the quadratic terms only [Differ. Equations 22, 669-674 (1986); translation from Differ. Uravn. 22, No. 6, 954-961 (1986; Zbl 0618.34027) and Introduction to the algebraic theory of invariants of differential equations. Transl. from the Russian. Nonlinear Science: Theory and Applications. Manchester etc.: Manchester University Press (1988; Zbl 0691.34031)]. He thus obtained nine types of systems \((*)\). The present authors apply the formal transformations \[ x'= x+ \sum_{i+j\geq 2} \alpha_{ij}x^iy^j,\quad y'= y+\sum_{i+j\geq 2} \beta_{ij}x^iy^j, \] \[ dt'= \Biggl(1+\sum_{i+ j\geq 1} \gamma_{ij}x^iy^j\Biggr) dt \] to Sibirskij's normal forms to classify the terms of order \(\geq 3\) as well. In this way, they obtain forty-nine formal ``orbital normal forms'' of \((*)\). For example, Sibirskij's normal form \[ dx/dt= x^2+ p(x,y),\quad dy/dt= xy- q(x,y), \] is reduced to the system \[ dx/dt= x^2+ \sum_{k\geq 3} C_ky^k,\quad dy/dt= xy. \] (Here, \(x'\), \(y'\), \(t'\) are replaced by \(x\), \(y\), \(t\) again.) However, some of Sibirskij's normal forms are transformed into a considerable number of different orbital normal forms. The local phase portraits of all these orbital normal forms and, hence, all possible local phase portraits of system \((*)\), can now be constructed.