Unitary congruence of mutually transposed matrices (Q416909)

It is known that for complex matrices of size \(2 \times 2\), \(A\) and \(A^T\) are unitarily similar. However, this property does not hold in general for complex matrices of size \(n \times n\), \(n \geq 3\). In this paper, the author studies whether or not, for complex matrices of size \(n \times n\), \(A\) and \(A^T\) are unitarily congruent, that is, can one always choose an unitary matrix \(P\) such that \[ A^T=P^TAP ? \] He proves that the answer to this question is positive if \(n=2\) and negative if \(n \geq 3\).