\(q\)-analogs of some congruences involving Catalan numbers (Q424534)

In this paper, the author presents some variations on the Greene-Krammer's identity and related congruences which involve \(q\)-Catalan numbers. In particular, by Theorem 4.2, for all integers \(n\) and \(d\) such that \(n\geq |d|\) we have \[ \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}q^k{2k \brack k+d}_q=\sum_{k=0}^{n-|d|} q^{\frac{1}{3}(2(n-k)^2-(n-k)\left(\frac{n-|d|-k}{3}\right)-2d^2-1)} \left(\frac{n-|d|-k}{3}\right){2n \brack k}_q, \] where \({m \brack k}_q\) is the Gaussian \(q\)-binomial coefficient, and \(\left(\frac{a}{3}\right)\) is the Jacobi symbol which coincides with the unique integer \(\varepsilon\in\{-1,0,1\}\) satisfying \(a\equiv\varepsilon \pmod 3\). As an application of the above identity, Corollary 4.3 asserts that for \(n\geq |d|\) the left hand side of the above identity is \(\equiv \left(\frac{n-|d|}{3}\right)q^{\frac{3}{2}r(r+1)+|d|(2r+1)}\pmod{\Phi_n(q)}\), where \(r=\lfloor 2(n-|d|)/3\rfloor\) and \(\Phi_n(q)\) is the \(n\)th cyclotomic polynomial. Furthermore, the author established some identities and congruences modulo \(\Phi_n(q)\) which involve \(q\)-Catalan numbers \(C_n^q:=\frac{1}{[n+1]_q}{2n \brack n}_q={2n \brack n}_q-q{2n \brack n+1}_q\), where \([n+1]_q=(1-q^{n+1})/(1-q)\).