No label defined (Q4355953)

The author studies continuation (in the ultradifferentiable sense) of zero solutions of a linear differential operator with constant coefficients \(P(D)\). These results can be used for the surjectivity problem for \(P(D)\) in Gevrey classes or in ultradistribution classes. More precisely, let \(\Gamma^\delta (\Omega)\), resp. \(\gamma^\delta (\Omega)\) (where \(\Omega\) is an open set in \(\mathbb{R}^n\)) the classical Gevrey classes, \(\Gamma_0^\delta (\Omega)\), \(\gamma_0^\delta (\Omega)\) the corresponding subspaces of functions with compact support. If \(\omega: [0,\infty)\to [0,\infty)\) is a weight function in Beurling-Björck sense, then let \[ \begin{aligned} {\mathcal E}_{\{w\}}(K)&= \bigl\{ f\in C^\infty(K):\;\exists\;C\geq 1\;|f|_{K,C}\\&= \sup\{|f^{(\alpha)}|_k \exp(-\varphi^* C|\alpha|C/C): \alpha\in\mathbb{N}_0^\infty\} <\infty\bigr\}, \end{aligned} \] where \(K\) is a nice compact \((K= \overline{\text{Int}(K)})\) in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with the inductive limit topology, \[ \begin{aligned} {\mathcal E}_{\{\omega\}} (\Omega)&= \{f\in C^\infty(\Omega):\;f_{|K}\in{\mathcal E}_{\omega(K)} \forall K\subset C\Omega\}\\ D_{\{\omega\}} (K)&= \{f\in{\mathcal E}_{\{\omega\}} (\mathbb{R}^n): \text{ supp }f\in K\} \quad D_{\{\omega\}} (\Omega)= \underset {K}\varinjlim {\mathcal D}_{\{\omega\}} (K).\end{aligned} \] The dual of \({\mathcal D}\{\omega\} (\Omega)\), denoted \({\mathcal D}\{\omega\} (\Omega)'\) is the space of \(\omega\)-ultradistributions of Roumieu type. In a similar way, the Beurling classes \({\mathcal E}_{\{\omega\}} (K)\), \({\mathcal D}_{\{\omega\}} (K)\), and \({\mathcal D}_{\{\omega\}}\) are defined. For \(\omega_\delta(t)= t^{1/\delta}\), \(\delta>1\) this leads to \(\Gamma^\delta (\Omega)\), \(\Gamma^\delta (\Omega)={\mathcal E}_{\{\omega_\delta\}} (\Omega)\), \(\gamma^\delta (\Omega)={\mathcal E}_{\{\omega_\delta\}} (\Omega)\). The first section contains results to be used later on. We note an interesting lemma that asserts that any weight function can be extended holomorphically to a conic neighbourhood of \(\mathbb{R}^n\). The second section studies the continuation of regularity. For this, if \(V\) is a linear subspace of \(\mathbb{R}^n\), denote by \(P_V(x,t)= \sup\{|P(x+iy)|: y\in V\), \(|y|\leq t\}\) and \(\widetilde{P}= \widetilde{P}_{\mathbb{R}^n}\). For \(\omega_\delta(x)= |x|^{1/\delta}\) and \(t>0\) let \(\sigma_{P,\omega_\delta,V} (t)= \lim_{\xi\to\infty} \inf \widetilde{P}_V (\xi, t\omega\delta(\xi)) /_{\widetilde{P}(\xi, t\omega\delta(\xi))}\) and \(\sigma_{P,\{\omega_\delta\}}(V)= \inf_{0\leq t\leq 1}\sigma_{P,\omega_\delta,V} (t)\), \(\sigma_{P,(\omega_\delta)} (V)= \inf_{0\leq t<\infty} \sigma_{P,\omega_\delta,V}(t)\). The point is that these last two numbers govern the extension of regularity. The main result is a theorem that gives sufficient condition (namely \(\sigma_{P,\{\omega\}} (V)> 0\), respectively, \(u\in{\mathcal D}_{(\omega)}' (\Omega)\)) when a solution of \(P(D)u=f\) (with \(f\in{\mathcal E}_{\{\omega\}} (\Omega)\), respect. \(f\in{\mathcal E}_{(\omega)} (\Omega)\)) can be extended. A partial converse of this result is also proved, i.e. supposing that \(\sigma_{P,\omega,V} (1)=0\) then there exists a \(T\in{\mathcal D}_{\{\omega\}}' (\mathbb{R}^n)\) with \(P(D)T=0\) and \(\text{sing supp}_{\{\omega\}} (R)=\text{sing supp}_{(\omega)}(T)= V^\perp\). This last result allows to prove that if \(\Omega\subset \mathbb{R}^n\) is open and \(P(D)\) is surjective in \({\mathcal E}_{\{\omega\}} (\Omega)\) or \({\mathcal D}_{(\omega)} (\Omega)'\) then the minimum principle holds for \(d(\cdot, \delta\Omega)\) on every affine subspace parallel in a linear subspace \(W\), such that \(\sigma_{P,\omega, \omega^\perp} (1)=0\). The last paragraph explains the differences between Hörmander's results on extension of \(C^\infty\)-regularity and extension of ultradifferentiable functions, by means of a suitable choice of localizations of infinity. The author also studies a series of interesting examples. For instance, he exhibits an operator \(P(D)\) and an open \(\Omega\) such that \(P(D)\) is surjective on \(\gamma_0^\delta (\Omega)\) for any \(\delta\in (1,5/3]\cup (2,\infty)\) but not surjective for \(\delta\in (5/3,2)\). For the entire collection see [Zbl 0849.00034].