Orthogonal polynomials in the normal matrix model with a cubic potential (Q436237)

The normal matrix model is a probability measure on the space of normal matrices \(M\) of order \(n\) of the form \[ \frac1{Z_n}\exp\left(-\frac{n}{t_0}\,\text{tr}\left(MM^*-\sum_{k=1}^N \frac{t_k M^k}{k}-\sum_{k=1}^N \frac{\overline{t_k}(M^*)^k}{k}\right)\right)dM. \] For \(N\geq 3\) this model is not well-defined unless a cut-off procedure is applied. The approach of this paper is different from a cut-off. It suggests to replace the associated inner product in integral form by a Hermitian form defined on polynomials that is a priori not given by any integral, but that should satisfy the relevant algebraic properties of the standard inner product. The authors show that for the cubic case \(N=3\) there exists such a form that the corresponding orthogonal polynomials have the same asymptotic behavior as the orthogonal polynomials in the cut-off procedure; in particular, the zeroes of polynomials accumulate on the tree like set \[ \Sigma_1=[0,x^*]\cup [0,\omega x^*]\cup [0,\omega^2 x^*], \quad \omega=e^{2\pi i/3}, \] for some explicit value of \(x^*>0\).