Elementary trigonometric sums related to quadratic residues (Q442464)

Let \(p\) be an odd prime number. The sums NEWLINE\[NEWLINE T(p) = \sqrt{p} \sum_{n=1}^{(p-1)/2} \tan \frac{\pi n^2}p NEWLINE\]NEWLINE and NEWLINE\[NEWLINE C(p) = \sqrt{p} \sum_{n=1}^{(p-1)/2} \cot \frac{\pi n^2}p NEWLINE\]NEWLINE have been investigated in detail since they are related to quadratic Gauss sums and Dirichlet's class number formulas. In particular, for primes \(p \equiv 3 \bmod 4\), the sum \(T(p)\) is, up to a trivial factor depending on \(p\) modulo \(8\), essentially \(p\) times the class number of \(\mathbb Q(\sqrt{-p}\,)\). In this article, the authors derive several elementary properties of these sums using elementary means.