On summability of bilinear operators (Q4432804)

A bilinear operator \(T\) from from Banach spaces \(E_1\times E_2\) into a Banach space \(F\) is said to be absolutely \((p,q)\)-summing if there is \(K>0\) such that for every \(x_1,\ldots, x_n\) in \(E_1\) and \(y_1,\ldots, y_n\) in \(E_2\) \[ \left(\sum_{j=1}^n\| T(x_j,y_j)\| ^p\right)^{1/p}\leq K \left(\sup_{\gamma\in B_{E_1'}}\sum_{j=1}^n| \gamma(x_j)| ^q\right)^{1/q} \left(\sup_{\eta\in B_{E_2'}}\sum_{j=1}^n| \eta(y_j)| ^q\right)^{1/q}. \] Bilinear operators which are absolutely \((p,p)\)-summing are called \(p\)-summing, while a bilinear operator \(T\colon E_1\times E_2\to F\) is said to strongly \(p\)-summing if there is \(K>0\) such that for every \(x_1,\ldots x_n\) in \(E_1\) and \(y_1,\ldots, y_n\) in \(E_2\) \[ \left(\sum_{j=1}^n\| T(x_j,y_j)\| ^p\right)^{1/p}\leq K \sup_{\phi\in B_{{\mathcal L}(E_1,E_2)}}\left(\sum_{j=1}^n| \phi(x_j,y_j)| ^p\right)^{1/p}. \] Given Banach spaces \(E_1\) and \(E_2\), every strongly \(p\)-summing operator from \(E_1\times E_2\) into any Banach space \(F\) is absolutely \(p\)-summing if and only if every scalar-valued bilinear form on \(E_1\times E_2\) is absolutely \(p\)-summing. The authors show that every absolutely \((1,2)\)-summing bilinear operator is absolutely \(p\)-summing; if \(E_1\) and \(E_2\) are \({\mathcal L}_\infty\) spaces and \(F\) is an \({\mathcal L}_2\) space, then every bilinear operator \(T: E_1\times E_2\to F\) is absolutely \(2\)-summing and if \(F\) is an \({\mathcal L}_2\) space, then every bilinear operator \(T: E_1\times E_2\to F\) is strongly \((2,1)\)-summing. Given Hilbert spaces \(H_1\), \(H_2\) and \(H\) with \(\{e_i^s\}_{i\in I_s}\) orthonormal bases for \(H_s\), \(s=1,2\), the authors introduce the Hilbert-Schmidt bilinear operators \(T: H_1\times H_2\to H\) as those bilinear operators which have the property that \(\sum_{i,j}\| T(e^1_i,e^2_j)\| ^2<\infty\). They proceed to show that every Hilbert-Schmidt bilinear operator is both strongly \(p\)-summing and absolutely \(p\)-summing for every \(p\). An example of a bilinear form \(\phi: \ell_2\times\ell_2\to {\mathbb R}\) shows that there are strongly \(p\)-summing operators which are not Hilbert-Schmidt. In addition, the authors show that the bilinear operator \(T: \ell_2\times\ell_2\to\ell_1\), \(T(x,y)=(x_ny_n)_n\), is not strongly \(p\)-summing while the the bilinear operator \(T:\ell_1\times\ell_1 \to\ell_1\), \(T(x,y)=(x_ny_n)_n\), is strongly \(1\)-summing but is not weakly compact.