No label defined (Q4483636)

A left ideal \(L\) of a ring \(A\) is called essential (and is denoted by \(L\vartriangleleft_l\cdot A\)) if \(L\cap I\neq 0\) for all nonzero ideals \(I\) of \(A\). A radical \(\gamma\) is called subhereditary if \(0\neq L\vartriangleleft_lA\in\gamma\) implies \(\gamma(L)\neq 0\). The authors consider the following logically independent conditions a class \(\mathcal M\) of rings may enjoy: (a) If \(L\vartriangleleft_l\cdot A\) and \(L\in{\mathcal M}\), then \(A\) has a nonzero homomorphic image in \(\mathcal M\) and (b) If \(L\vartriangleleft_l\cdot A\), \(L\in\mathcal{SUM}\) and \((L+I)/I\notin{\mathcal M}\setminus\{0\}\) for every ideal \(I\) of \(A\), then \(0\neq A/K\in{\mathcal M}\) with an appropriate ideal \(K\) of \(A\). They show that for a regular class \(\mathcal M\) of rings the upper radical \(\mathcal{UM}\) is subhereditary if and only if \(\mathcal M\) satisfies conditions (a) and (b). Moreover a hypernilpotent radical \(\gamma=\mathcal{UM}\) (that is, a radical \(\gamma\) which contains all nilpotent rings) is subhereditary if and only if the semisimple class \({\mathcal S}\gamma\) of \(\gamma\) satisfies condition (a) for every semiprime ring \(A\). Then the authors conclude that a special radical \(\gamma\) (that is, the upper radical \(\gamma\) determined by a hereditary and closed under essential extensions class of prime rings) is subhereditary if and only if the class \({\mathcal S}\gamma\cap{\mathcal P}\) satisfies conditions (a) and (b), where \(\mathcal P\) denotes the class of all prime rings. The authors finally show that a radical \(\gamma\) is subhereditary if and only if its semisimple class \({\mathcal S}\gamma\) satisfies condition (a). A ring \(A\) is called right strongly prime if for every nonzero ideal \(I\) of \(A\) there exists a finite subset \(F\subseteq I\) such that \(Fx\neq 0\) for all \(0\neq x\in A\). The authors prove that the right strongly prime radical (that is, the upper radical \({\mathcal U}\rho\) determined by the class \(\rho\) of all right strongly prime rings) is subhereditary if and only if the class \(\rho\) satisfies condition (b). The Brown-McCoy radical \(\mathcal G\) (the Behrens radical \(\mathcal B\)) is the upper radical \(\mathcal{G=UC}\) determined by the class \(\mathcal C\) of all simple rings with unity element (by the class of all subdirectly irreducible rings having a nonzero idempotent in their hearts, respectively). An ideal \(M\) of a ring \(A\) is called representable if \(M=\bigcap_\lambda K_\lambda\), where each \(K_\lambda\) is an ideal of \(A\) such that \(A/K_\lambda\) is a simple ring with unity element. A ring \(A\) is strongly \(\sigma\)-semisimple with respect to a semisimple class \(\sigma\) if every homomorphic image of \(A\) is in the class \(\sigma\). The authors examine the effect of Brown-McCoy semisimplicity of essential left ideals. In particular, they show that \(A\) is a simple ring with unity element if and only if \(A\) is a subdirectly irreducible ring and possesses a Brown-McCoy semisimple essential left ideal \(L\). They also show that if a nonzero ring \(A\) has a Brown-McCoy semisimple left ideal \(L\), then \(A\) is Behrens semisimple. If \(A=\sum_{\theta\in\Theta}A/I_\theta\) is a subdirect decomposition of \(A\) into subdirectly irreducible rings \(A/I_\theta\) with nonzero idempotents in their hearts and each \(L\cap I_\theta\) is a representable ideal in \(L\), then \(A\) is Brown-McCoy semisimple. Moreover, if \(0\neq L\vartriangleleft_l\cdot A\) and \(L\) is strongly Brown-McCoy semisimple, then \(A\) is Brown-McCoy semisimple. If \(0\neq L\vartriangleleft_l\cdot A\) and \(L\) is Brown-McCoy semisimple, \(A=\sum_{\theta\in\Theta}A/I_\theta\) is a subdirect decomposition, as given before such that for some \(\theta\in\Theta\), \(L\cap I_\theta\) is a representable ideal in \(L\), then there exists an ideal \(I\) of \(A\) such that \(A/I\) is a simple ring with unity element. Let \(A=\sum_{\text{subdirect}}(A_\lambda:\lambda\in\Lambda)\) be a subdirect sum of rings \(A_\lambda\). The ring \(A\) is said to be a special subdirect sum if \((0,\dots,0,A_\lambda,0\dots)\subseteq A\) for each index \(\lambda\in\Lambda\). A Brown-McCoy semisimple ring \(A\) is called special if every ideal of \(A\) contains a minimal ideal (which is a simple ring) with unity element. A Brown-McCoy semisimple ring \(A\) is called completely non-special if \(A\) contains no minimal ideals with unity element. A ring \(A\) is prime essential, if \(A\) is semiprime and every prime ideal of \(A\) has a nonzero intersection with each nonzero ideal of \(A\). Using representable ideals, special and completely non-special rings and the fact that the Brown-McCoy radical is not subhereditary the authors obtain many interesting results on the structure of Brown-McCoy radical rings containing a Brown-McCoy semisimple essential left ideal. In particular, they show that if \(A\) is a nonzero Brown-McCoy radical ring and \(L\vartriangleleft_l\cdot A\) such that \({\mathcal G}(L)=0\), then every accessible subring \(K\) of \(L\) is completely non-special and \(K\) does not contain strongly Brown-McCoy semisimple ideals. The authors prove that there exists a prime essential Brown-McCoy radical ring \(B\) having an essential left ideal which is a prime essential ring and completely non-special Brown-McCoy semisimple ring, and this left ideal does not contain strongly Brown-McCoy semisimple ideals. Also, if \(A\) is a special subdirect sum of subdirectly irreducible prime rings \(A_\lambda\), \(\lambda\in\Lambda \) and if \(0\neq K\vartriangleleft L\vartriangleleft_lA \) and \(K\) is Brown-McCoy semisimple, then at least one \(A_\lambda\) is a semisimple ring with unity element, whence \(A\notin{\mathcal G}\). Finally the authors conclude that if a Brown-McCoy semisimple ring \(L\) is embeddable as an essential left ideal into a ring \(A\), then \(A\) is Behrens semisimple. If, in addition, \(A\) is a Brown-McCoy radical ring, then (i) none of the subdirect decompositions \(A=\sum_{\text{subdirect}}(A/I_\theta:A/I_\theta\) is subdirectly irreducible and \(A/I_\theta\in\mathcal{SB})\) is special; (ii) every accessible subring \(K\) of \(L\) is completely non-special and \(K\) does not contain strongly Brown-McCoy semisimple ideals; (iii) \((L+I_\theta)/I_\theta\) is not Brown-McCoy semisimple for each index \(\theta\); (iv) \((L+J)/J\) is not a simple ring with unity element for all ideals \(J\) of \(A\). It may happen that both \(A\) and \(L\) are prime essential rings.