No label defined (Q4511056)

One of the recurring themes in the geometry of Banach spaces is the need for an adequate substitute for the orthogonality relationship in Hilbert space. What is ``adequate'' and what definition achieves depends on the theorem one wants an analogue for. Here the author concentrates on the decomposition of an element in Hilbert space into two orthogonal pieces: \(x = P_M x + P_{M^{\perp}} x\) where \(P_M\) and \(P_{M^{\perp}}\) are orthogonal (and also nearest point) projections onto subspaces \(M\) and \(M^{\perp}\). Let \(X\) be a uniformly convex and uniformly smooth (hence reflexive) Banach space with \(J\) (resp. \(J^* = J^{-1}\)) the James map from \(X\) (resp. \(X^*\)) onto \(X^*\) (resp. \(X\)) defined by \[ \langle Jx,x\rangle = \|Jx\|_*\|x\|= \|x\|^2 \] (with an obvious notation). In analogy with the (real) Hilbert space equation: \(\|x-y\|^2 = \|x\|^2 -2(x,y) +\|y\|^2\) define \(W(x,y):= \|x\|^2 -2\langle Jx,y\rangle +\|y\|^2\). Now, for a closed, bounded set \(\Omega\) in \(X\) construct two (non-linear) operators: (i) the nearest point projection \(P_{\Omega}\), i.e. \(\|x - P_{\Omega} x\|= \inf_{y \in \Omega}\|x - y\|\); and (ii) the generalized projection operator \(\Pi_{\Omega}\) defined by \(W(x,\Pi_{\Omega} x) = \inf_{y \in \Omega} W(x,y).\) With these definitions the author is able to prove the following theorems: (A) If \(K\) is a closed, convex cone with vertex at \(0\) and \(K^{\circ}:= \{\phi \in X^* : \langle \phi, x \rangle \leq 0, \forall x \in K\}\) then \(x = P_K x + J^* \Pi_{K^{\circ}}J x, \phi = P_{K^{\circ}} \phi + J\Pi_KJ^*\phi,\) and \(\langle\Pi_{K^{\circ}}Jx, P_Kx\rangle = 0 = \langle\Pi_KJ^*\phi, P_{K^{\circ}}\phi\rangle,\) for all \(x \in X\) and \(\phi \in X^*\). (B) If \(M\) is a closed subspace and \(M^{\perp} \subseteq X^*\) is its annihilator then \(x = P_M x + J^*\Pi_{M^{\perp}}Jx\) and \(\langle\Pi_{M^{\perp}}Jx, v\rangle = 0\quad \forall x\in X, v\in M\). Moreover, this decomposition is unique. For the entire collection see [Zbl 0943.00054].