Direct and strong converse theorems for a general sequence of positive linear operators (Q452808)

Let \(e_i(t)=t^i\), \(i=0,1,2\), let \(C_b[0,\infty)\) be the space of all bounded continuous functions defined on \([0,\infty )\) endowed with the norm \(\| f\| =\sup_{x>0}| f(x)| \) and \(C_b^0[0,\infty)=\{f\in C_b[0,\infty):f(0)=0\}\). Let \(\mathcal{L}[0,\infty)\) be a linear space of continuous functions \(f:[0,\infty )\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) such that \(C_b[0,\infty)\subset \mathcal{L}[0,\infty)\), \(e_i\in \mathcal{L}[0,\infty)\), \(i=0,1\) and \(e_1f\in \mathcal{L}[0,\infty)\) for every \(f\in \mathcal{L}[0,\infty)\). For \(\lambda \in [0,1]\), let \[ C_{\lambda}^0[0,\infty)=\{f\in C_b^0[0,\infty):\| f\| _{\lambda}<\infty \}, \] \[ C_{\lambda,2}^0[0,\infty)=\{f\in C_{\lambda}^0[0,\infty): f''\in C[0,\infty),\;\| f\| _{\lambda,2}<\infty \}, \] where \[ \| f\| _{\lambda}=\sup_{x>0}| \varphi ^{-\lambda}(x)f(x)| ,\quad \| f\| _{\lambda,2}=\sup_{x>0}| \varphi ^{1-\lambda}(x)f''(x)| . \] Finally, let \[ K_{\lambda}(f,t)=\inf _{g\in C_{\lambda,2}^0[0,\infty)}\{\| f-g\| _{\lambda}+t\| \varphi^{1-\lambda}g''\| \}. \] The paper presents direct and converse results for a sequence of operators \(L_n\) satisfying, for a fixed \(a\in \mathbb{N}_0\), the following properties: (P1) \(L_n:\mathcal{L}[0,\infty )\rightarrow C^1[0,\infty )\), (P2) \(L_n(e_0,x)=1\), (P3) there exists a non increasing sequence \(\{\alpha _n\}\) of positive numbers converging to \(0\), real numbers \(C_{\alpha }>1\), \(q_{\alpha }\in (0,1)\) and \(k_{\alpha}\in \mathbb{N}\) such that \[ \sup_{n\in \mathbb{N}}\frac{\alpha_{nk_{\alpha}}}{\alpha _n}=q_{\alpha},\quad \frac{\alpha _n}{\alpha_{n+a}}\leq C_{\alpha},\quad n\in \mathbb{N}, \] (P4) if \(f\in \mathcal{L}[0,\infty)\), then for every \(x\geq 0\) holds, \[ L_n((t-x)f(t),x)=\alpha_n\varphi(x)L_n'(f,x), \] where \(\varphi(x)=ax^2+x\) and \[ L_n'(f,x)=\frac{1}{\alpha _n}L_{n+a} \left(f\left(\frac{\alpha _n }{\alpha_{n+a}}t+\alpha _n\right)-f\left(\frac{\alpha _n}{\alpha_{n+a}}t\right),x\right). \] The statements of the main results of the paper read as follows: Theorem 1. If \(\lambda \in [0,1]\), then there exists a constant \(M\) such that, for all \(n\) and every \(f\in C_{\lambda}^0[0,\infty)\) \[ \| f-L_nf \| _{\lambda} \leq MK_{\lambda}(f,\alpha_n). \] Theorem 2. Set \(N=\min \{n\in \mathbb{N}:5a\alpha _n<1\}\). There exist constants \(M\) and \(k\) such that, for all \(n\geq N\), every \(f\in C_{\lambda}^0[0,\infty)\) and all \(m\geq kn\) \[ K_{\lambda}(f,t)\leq M\frac{\alpha _n}{\alpha _m}(\| f-L_nf\| _{\lambda}+\| f-L_mf\| _{\lambda}). \] It is important to point out that the well known Baskakov operators and a variation of the Szász operators are examples of sequences fulfilling (P1)-(P4). The results above turn out to bring some unification and generalization of previous results quoted in detail in the paper.