Topological properties of kernels of partial differential operators (Q457961)

Let \( \Omega \subset \mathbb R^n \) be open and let \( P(\partial) : \mathcal D'(\Omega) \to \mathcal D'(\Omega) \) be a partial differential operator with constant coefficients. The paper gives analytic conditions for \( \mathcal D'_P(\Omega) := \ker P(\partial) \) to be ultrabornological. A~known result in that direction is that, if~\(P(\partial)\) is hypoelliptic, then \( \mathcal D'_P(\Omega) \) is ultrabornological, since by a result of Malgrange in this case the kernel \( \mathcal D'_P(\Omega) \) is a Fréchet space [\textit{B. Malgrange}, Ann. Inst. Fourier 6, 271--355 (1955/56; Zbl 0071.09002)]. In Section~2, the author gives an alternative proof of Malgrange's result, using homological methods in the sense of \textit{V. P. Palamodov} [Russ. Math. Surv. 26(1971), No. 1, 1--64 (1972); translation from Usp. Mat. Nauk 26, No. 1(157), 3--65 (1971; Zbl 0247.46070)]. These methods were later refined in several papers, most notably by \textit{D. Vogt} [in: Advances in the theory of Fréchet spaces, Proc. NATO Adv. Res. Workshop, Istanbul/Turkey 1988, NATO ASI Ser., Ser. C 287, 11--27 (1989; Zbl 0711.46006)] and \textit{J. Wengenroth} [Derived functors in functional analysis. Berlin: Springer (2003; Zbl 1031.46001)]. The use of homological methods is also the general theme of the other proofs in the paper. In Section~3, the following is shown: If \( P(\partial) : \mathcal E(\Omega) \to \mathcal E(\Omega) \) is surjective, then \( \mathcal D'_P(\Omega) \) is ultrabornological if and only if \( P(\partial) : \mathcal D'(\Omega) \to \mathcal D'(\Omega) \) is surjective. The most analytic of the results of Section~4 states that \( \mathcal D'_P(\Omega) \) is ultrabornological provided \( \mathcal E(\Omega) \cap P(\partial) (\mathcal D'(\Omega)) = P(\partial) (\mathcal E(\Omega)) \) and the operator \( \mathcal D'(\Omega) \times \mathcal E(\Omega) \to \mathcal D'(\Omega) \), \( (u, f) \mapsto P(\partial)u - f \), is surjective.