Infinite version of the Perron value change effect for characteristic exponents of differential systems (Q483656)

The authors consider two-dimensional linear differential system \[ \dot{x}=A(t)x,\quad x\in \mathbb{R}^2,\;t\geq t_0=1 \eqno(1) \] with bounded infinitely often differentiable coefficients. These systems are linear approximations to the nonlinear differential systems \[ \dot{y}=A(t)y+f(t,y),\quad y\in \mathbb{R}^2,\;t\geq t_0 \eqno(2) \] where the perturbations \(f:[t_0,+\infty)\times \mathbb{R}^2\to \mathbb{R}^2\) are also infinitely often differentiable with respect to their variables \(t,\) \(y_1,\) \(y_2\), and these perturbations are assumed to be small of the order \(m>1\) in a neighborhood of the origin \(y=0\) satisfying \[ \|f(t,y)\|\leq C_f\|y\|^m,\;y\in \mathbb{R}^2,\;t\geq t_0.\eqno(3) \] The following result is obtained: for any parameters \(m>1\) and \(\lambda_1\leq \lambda_2<0,\) and for arbitrary nonempty finite or bounded countable sets \(\beta_i=\{\beta_{ik}\}\subset[\lambda_i,+\infty),\) \(i\in\{1,2\},\) satisfying the condition \(\sup\beta_1\leq \sup\beta_2,\) there exists (i) a two-dimensional linear approximating system (1) with characteristic exponents \(\lambda_1(A)=\lambda_1\leq\lambda_2=\lambda_2(A),\) and (ii) a perturbation \(f:[1,+\infty)\times \mathbb{R}^2\to \mathbb{R}^2\) of order \(m>1\) satisfying (3) such that all nontrivial solutions \(y(t,c),\) \(y(1,c)=c,\) of (2) are infinitely extendable to the right and their characteristic exponents are the sets \(\{\lambda[y(\cdot,c)]:c_2=0,c_1\neq 0\}=\beta_1,\) \(\{\lambda[y(\cdot,c)]:c_2\neq 0\}=\beta_2,\) \(c=(c_1,c_2)\in \mathbb{R}^2.\)