On an integrable Hamiltonian system (Q483683)

The author considers a generic Hamiltonian system with two degrees of freedom: \[ \dot x_i= {\partial H\over\partial y_i},\quad\dot y_i=-{\partial H\over\partial x_i},\quad i= 1,2. \] In the neighborhood of an equilibrium point, the eigenvalues of the linearized system are \(\lambda_1\), \(\lambda_2\), \(\lambda_3\), and \(\lambda_4\) with \(\lambda_1=-\lambda_2\) and \(\lambda_2=-\lambda_4\). A resonance arises when \({\lambda_1\over\lambda_2}= {r\over s}\), where \(r\) and \(s\) are relatively prime integers. If \(\lambda_1\neq 0\), \(\lambda_2\neq 0\), and \(\lambda_1\neq\pm\lambda_2\), then the Hamiltonian function \(H\) can be reduced to a normal form \(\widehat H\) by a canonical change of variables. The author shows that, in the case of a resonance, the normal form \(\widehat H\) splits into two independent integrals, giving a total of three integrals. Because of the third integral, certain conditions are imposed on the coefficients of the normal form. The author explores these conditions in some detail in the special case of the Euler-Poisson equations for the motion of a top.