Number theoretic applications of a class of Cantor series fractal functions. I (Q484540)

Suppose that \((P, Q)\in\mathbb N_2^{\mathbb N}\times \mathbb N_2^{\mathbb N}\), where \(\mathbb N_2\) is the set of integers exceed \(1\), and \(x=E_0. E_1 E_2\cdots\) is the \(P\)-Cantor series expansion of \(x\in\mathbb R\). The author defines \[ \psi_{P,Q}:=\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{\min(E_n, q_n-1)}{q_1\cdots q_n}. \] The aim of this paper is to study the function \(\psi_{P,Q}\) and apply it to digital problems involving Cantor series expansions. The functions \(\psi_{P,Q}\) are used to construct many pathological examples of normal numbers. These constructions are used to give the complete containment relationships between the sets of \(Q\)-normal, \(Q\)-ratio normal, and \(Q\)-distribution normal numbers and intersections thereof when \(Q\) is infinite in limit and fully divergent. The Hölder and Lipschitz continuity of \(\psi_{P,Q}\) restricted to some fractals is analyzed. This allows us to compute the Hausdorff dimension of some fractals defined through digital restrictions of Cantor series expansions. In particular, the main theorem of a paper by \textit{Y. Wang}, \textit{Z. Wen} and \textit{L. Xi} [J. Math. Anal. Appl., 354, No. 2, 445--450 (2009; Zbl 1172.28004)] is improved. Many properties of the functions \(\psi_{P,Q}\), including rationality, continuity, and bounded variation, are also examined. The level sets of \(\psi_{P,Q}\) and multifractal analysis of \(\psi_{P,Q}\) are also studied. For certain classes of ergodic and shift invariant Borel probability measures \(\mu_1\) and \(\mu_2\) on \(\mathbb N_2^{\mathbb N}\), the author studies which of these properties \(\psi_{P,Q}\) satisfies for \(\mu_1\times\mu_2\)-almost every \((P, Q)\in\mathbb N_2^{\mathbb N}\times \mathbb N_2^{\mathbb N}\). Related classes of random fractals are also studied.