A Geometric Approach to Singularly Perturbed Nonlocal Reaction-Diffusion Equations (Q4943687)

The author considers the system \[ \varepsilon^2 U_{xx}+ {p(1+ U^2)\over 1+ c^2(\int^1_0 1+ U^2 dx)^2}- 2U= 0,\quad U_x(0)= U_x(1)= 0. \] Let \(V(x)= \int^x_0 U^2 dt\), \(I= \int^1_0 U^2 dx\), the above system is transformed to the first-order system \[ \varepsilon\dot U= W,\quad \dot V= U^2,\quad \varepsilon\dot W= 2U-{p(1+ U^2)\over 1+ c^2(1+ I)^2},\quad \dot I= 0. \] The author employs a geometric singular perturbation theory to construct the 1-pulse solution and the \(n\)-pulse solution. The author also shows that the 1-pulse solution is metastable, with its principal eigenvalue being exponentially small in \(\varepsilon\), while the \(n\)-pulse solutions are unstable, with the principal eigenvalues bounded away from the origin as \(\varepsilon\to 0\).