Haar projection numbers and failure of unconditional convergence in Sobolev spaces (Q509984)

Let \(1<p,q<\infty\). The classical Haar system is an unconditional basis in the Besov \(B^s_{p,q} (\mathbb R)\) on the real line \(\mathbb R\) if, and only if, \(\frac{1}{p} -1<s< \frac{1}{p}\). The situation is more complicated for the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces \(F^s_{p,q} (\mathbb R)\) with the (fractional) Sobolev spaces \(H^s_p (\mathbb R) = F^s_{p,2} (\mathbb R)\) as a special case. It is already known that the classical Haar system is an unconditional basis in \(F^s_{p,q} (\mathbb R)\) if \[ \max \left( 1- \frac{1}{p}, 1 - \frac{1}{q} \right)<s< \min \left( \frac{1}{p}, \frac{1}{q} \right), \] but it was unclear whether this condition is also necessary. The paper seals this gap: According to Theorem 1.1 (the main result of the paper), the above condition is also necessary. This is a very tricky and deep assertion and requires a lot of effort. The authors discuss and announce briefly several extensions to \(p\leq 1\), to \(\mathbb R^n\), and also to the question whether the Haar basis is at least a (possibly conditional) basis in a larger range of the parameters as in the case of the Besov spaces.