Toward homological structure theory of semimodules: on semirings all of whose cyclic semimodules are projective (Q511858)

The body of the paper contains six sections: introduction; preliminaries; on homological structure theory of semimodule and CP-semirings; semisimple, Gelfand, subtractive, and anti-bounded, CP-semirings; CP-semirings of endomorphisms of semimodules over Boolean algebras; some conclusive remarks and problems. Section three presents, in short, as the authors say, some ideological background of homological theory. Section four contains some main aspects of the paper, so to say, full descriptions of semisimple CP-semirings, of Gelfand CP-semirings, subtractive CP-semirings, and anti-bounded CP-semirings and congruence-simple anti bounded semirings. Section five contains some results on full descriptions of semimodules over Boolean algebras whose endomorphism semirings are CP-semirings; full descriptions of ideal-simple CP-semirings. Section six contains, in brief, the authors' view: some directions for further considerations of this and their previous papers. The discussion begins with definitions of a semiring, S-semimodule, (left and right) , subsemimodule, free, projective finitely generated, semimodule; congrunces on a right S-semimodule; congruence simple semiring; using Yoneda's lemma the result obtained is a fundamental result of the so-called `homological structure theory' of semimodules. Colimits of diagrams of the regular semimodules appear as representations of semimodules, which is the one object additive analogue of the representations of set-valued functors as colimits of representable functors. This very well explains a strong interest in serious study of cyclic semimodules as well as motivates necessity of developing of so called homological structure theory of semimodules. Theorem 3.3 is a rephrase of B. Ososky (as mentioned) through the notions of full c-diagram and full injective, projective c-diagram of MS. Then this section deals with what authors have introduced or called a right (left) CP-semiring and shows that the class of CP-semirings is significantly wider than that of semisimple rings. A sufficient condition is supplied for a semiring to be a CP-semiring, when one CP-semiring is known. A natural observation: the homomorphic image of a left (right) CP-semiring is again so. Then, the notion of \(\pi\)-regular or epigroup is presented, additively \(\pi\)-regular, some necessary appearance of zerosum-free right CP-semiring. Finally, an important result regarding the structure of CP-semiring appears, e.g., a necessary and sufficient condition of a semiring to be decomposable as the direct sum of semisimple ring and a zeroic additively \(\pi\)-regular right (left) CP-semiring. The next section contains full descriptions of semisimple, Gelfand, subtractive, and anti-bounded, semirings, the full c-diagram of every semimodule over which is projective. An important observation draws the attention: matrix semirings over semiring and the semiring itself have isomorphic congruence lattices. An equivalent condition for a matrix semiring over a division semiring appears to be a right (left) CP-semiring with the division ring character of the division semiring in this context. Then, the expression for direct product of some Artinian simple ring or isomorphic to some matrix ring is explained. A full description of right Gelfand semirings is given, namely that a right (left) Gelfand semiring is a right (left) CP-semiring iff it is a finite Boolean algebra. Then, the authors provide a full description of right subtractive right CP-semiring as: A right (left) subtractive semiring is a right (left) CP-semiring if it is a direct sum of a semisimple ring and a finite Boolean algebra. It is shown when the notions of congruence-simpleness and ideal-simpleness coincide. Then, the notion of anti-boundedness is presented and the section ends with a full description of anti-bounded CP-semirings. A semiring \(B_3\) is defined on the chain \(0<1<2\) with addition \(x+y:=x\vee y\) \[ xy=\begin{cases} 0,\quad\text{ if }x=0,\quad\text{ or }y=0\\ x\vee y,\text{ otherwise.}\end{cases} \] is a CP-semiring. The following four results are noteworthy to mention: {\parindent=0.7cm\begin{itemize}\item[i)]The semiring Ext\((R)\) of a ring \(R\) is a right (left) CP-semiring iff \(R\) is semisimple. \item[ii)] A non zero additively idempotent anti-bounded semiring S is a right (left) CP-semiring iff S is isomorphic to B or to \(B_3\).\item[iii)] A zerosum-free anti-bounded semiring S is a right (left) CP-semiring if S is isomorphic to B,or \(B_3\), or to B(3,1), or to Ext\((R)\) for some nonzero semisimple R. Then, there comes the full description of anti-bounded CP-semirings: that contains semisimplicity, the above statement and some sort of direct sum. \end{itemize}} Lastly, it appears that anti-boundedness character appears to be associated with some equivalent conditions such as congruence simple, ideal simple and simple. It becomes interesting to note the necessary condition of ascending chain condition of B-semimodule and bounded lattice character in case of a right CP-semiring. Definitely the fact stated here noteworthy to mention: In case of a lattice \(M\) that is isomorphic to \(M_3\) which is stated as \(M=\{0,a,b,c,1\}\) with 0 and 1 as the least and greatest element respectively and a,b,c are incomparable. Then End\((M)\) is not a CP-semiring. Same case happens to be true if \(b<c\), \(a+b=a+c=1\) and \(a\wedge b=a\wedge c=0\), also when \(M\) is a chain like \(1 = x_0>x_1>x_2 > \dots x_n>\dots > 0\). Some elegant well behaved results seem to be more encouraging such as: {\parindent=0.7cm\begin{itemize}\item[i)] For some \(\theta\) congruence on M and \(\bar M=M/\theta\), CP-semiring character of End\((M)\) is inherited by End\((\bar M)\). \item[(ii)] \(M\) appears as a finite distributive lattice if End\((M)\) a right CP-semiring. \end{itemize}} The authors present some of their main results in Theorems 5.8 and 5.9, where the later one appears as a full description of semimodules over arbitrary Boolean algebra whose endomorphism semirings are CP-semiring. On the basis of what has been dealt in the theorem above, they present an application. This describes ideal simple CP-semirings. As the authors mention, the next results appears as the central results of what has been discussed. Equivalence of the following: {\parindent=1.2cm\begin{itemize}\item[a)] ideal simple right semiring CP-property of the semiring S, \item[b)] Simple right CP-semiringness \item[c)] Isomorphism of S and \( M_ n(\mathrm D)\) or with End(\(M\)) (as seen in Theorem 5.8). \end{itemize}}The paper ends with some conjectures to be noted. Conjecture: Every zerosumfree CP-semiring possesses an infinite element. Three problems have been suggested in connection with full c-diagram, right CP-semirings leading to left CP-semirings and vice versa with distributive lattice whose semiring of endomorphisms are CP-semirings.