On decompositions of trigonometric polynomials (Q522310)

Let \(p=p(\cos x, \sin x)\), \(q=q(\cos x, \sin x)\) be trigonometric polynomials over \(\mathbb{R}\), that is, the elements of the ring generated by the functions \(\cos x\), \(\sin x\). The main problem under consideration in the present paper is the description of solutions of the equation \[ P_1 \circ w_1=P_2 \circ w_2, \] where \(w_1, w_2\) are trigonometric polynomials, and \(P_1, P_2\) are real algebraic polynomials. The symbol \(\circ\) denotes the composition of functions. As it turns out, such general equation can be reduced to a few particular ones, for instance, \[ \tilde P_1 \circ W_1=T_m \circ T_n, \] where \(\tilde P_1, W_1\) are real algebraic polynomials, \(T_n\) are the standard Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind and \(\mathrm{GCD}(m,n)=1\).