Multi-Poisson approach to the Painlevé equations: from the isospectral deformation to the isomonodromic deformation (Q524774)

This paper proposes a method of deriving an isomonodromic deformation equation of the Lax form from an isospectral one. For a given simple Lie algebra \(\mathfrak g\) over \(\mathbb C\), let \({\mathfrak g}_n := \{ X_{\lambda}:= X_0\lambda^n + X_1\lambda^{n-1} +\cdots + X_n \,|\, X_i \in {\mathfrak g} \},\) which also becomes a Lie algebra with a certain Lie bracket. By using the bi-Poisson theory of \textit{F. Magri} et al. [Regul. Chaotic Dyn. 5, No. 1, 33--52 (2000; Zbl 0947.37048); Lect. Notes Phys. 632, 85--136 (2003; Zbl 1061.35118); Rev. Math. Phys. 3, No. 4, 403--466 (1991; Zbl 0752.35021); Lect. Notes Phys. 495, 256--296 (1997; Zbl 0907.58031)], an isospectral deformation equation of the form \(\partial X_{\lambda}/ \partial t =[X_{\lambda}, A_{\lambda}]\) on \({\mathfrak g}_n\) is constructed, and it is completely integrable in the Liouville sense. This equation may be restricted to a symplectic leaf parametrized by \(\alpha=(\alpha_1, \ldots, \alpha_N)\), which is a level surface of Casimir functions, and then \(X_{\lambda}\) on it is denoted by \(X_{\lambda}=X_{\lambda}(t,\alpha).\) If \(\partial X_{\lambda}(t,\alpha)/\partial \alpha_j = \partial A_{\lambda}/\partial \lambda\) for some \(j\), the desired isomonodromy equation \(\partial L_{\lambda}/\partial t = [L_{\lambda}, A_{\lambda} ] +\partial A_{\lambda}/\partial \lambda\) is obtained by setting \(L_{\lambda} := X_{\lambda}(t, \alpha) |_{\alpha_j=t}.\) For \({\mathfrak g}={\mathfrak sl}(2,{\mathbb C}),\) \(n=2,3\), and for \({\mathfrak g}={\mathfrak so}(5,{\mathbb C}),\) \(n=1\), interesting examples are discussed, and the isomonodromic deformation equations resulting from this operation give Hamiltonian systems including the first, second, fourth Painlevé equations, new four-dimensional Painlevé systems, and Cosgrove's one.