Characterizations of \(H_{\Delta_N}^1(\mathbb{R}^n)\) and \(\operatorname{BMO}_{\Delta_N}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) via weak factorizations and commutators (Q527396)

Denote by \(\Delta_N\) the Neumann Laplacian on \(\mathbb{R}^n\). For \(f\in L^1(\mathbb{R}^n)\), the Littlewood-Paley area function \(S_L(f)\) is defined by, for any \(x\in\mathbb{R}^n\), \[ S_L(f)(x):=\left\{\int_{0}^{\infty}\int_{|x-y|<t}\left|t^2\Delta_N e^{-t^2\Delta_N}(f)(y)\right|^2\,\frac{dydt}{t^{n+1}}\right\}^{1/2}. \] Then the Hardy space \(H^1_{\Delta_N}(\mathbb{R}^n)\), associated with the operator \(\Delta_N\), is defined by \[ H^1_{\Delta_N}(\mathbb{R}^n):=\left\{f\in L^1(\mathbb{R}^n):\;\|f\|_{H^1_{\Delta_N}(\mathbb{R}^n)}:= \|S_L(f)\|_{L^1(\mathbb{R}^n)}<\infty\right\}. \] Furthermore, denote by \(\mathrm{BMO}_{\Delta_N}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) the BMO space associated with \(\Delta_N\). In this paper, the authors characterized the Hardy space \(H^1_{\Delta_N}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) in terms of Riesz transforms, maximal functions, atomic decompositions and weak factorizations. Moreover, for the space \(\mathrm{BMO}_{\Delta_N}(\mathbb{R}^n)\), the authors proved that it can be characterized in terms of a Fefferman-Stein decomposition and the behavior of the commutator with Riesz transforms. The above results extend the known results for the classical Hardy space \(H^1(\mathbb{R}^n)\) and BMO space \(\mathrm{BMO}(\mathbb{R}^n)\).