Real-linear surjective isometries between function spaces (Q530201)

Let \(X\) be a compact Hausdorff space and denote by \(C(X)\) the Banach space of all complex-valued continuous functions on \(X\) with the supremum norm. A complex-linear subspace \(A\) of \(C(X)\) is called a function space if \(A\) contains the constant functions and separates the points of \(X\). Recall that the Choquet boundary \(\text{Ch} (A)\) of a function space \(A \subset C(X)\) is the subset of \(X\) consisting of all points \(x\) such that the point-evaluation functional \(\delta_x: A \rightarrow \mathbb C\), defined by \(\delta_x(f) =f(x)\), is an extreme point of the dual unit ball of \(A\). If \(S: A \rightarrow B\) is a complex-linear surjective isometry between function spaces \(A\) of \(C(X)\) and \(B\) of \(C(Y)\), then \(S\) is a unimodular-weighted composition operator induced by a surjective homeomorphism between the Choquet boundaries of \(B\) and \(A\) by the Banach-Stone theorem and its variants. When \(S\) is assumed to be real-linear but not necessarily complex-linear, there often exist continuous maps \(\alpha: \text{Ch} (B) \rightarrow \mathbb T = \{ z \in \mathbb C: |z|=1\}\) and \(\varepsilon: \text{Ch} (B) \rightarrow \{-1,1\}\) and a homeomorphism \(\varphi: \text{Ch} (B) \rightarrow \text{Ch} (A)\) so that \(S\) takes the following form, which the authors call the canonical form: \[ Sf(y) = \text{Re} (\alpha(y)f(\varphi(y))) + i\varepsilon(y) \text{Im} (\alpha(y)f(\varphi(y))), \quad f \in A, \;y \in \text{Ch} (B). \] There exist real-linear surjective isometries between function spaces which are not of the canonical form [\textit{H. Koshimizu} et al., J. Math. Anal. Appl. 413, No. 1, 229--241 (2014; Zbl 1328.46018)] and the existence of a real-linear surjective isometry \(S: A \rightarrow B\) of non-canonical form forces the space \(\text{Ch} (A)\) to contain a homeomorphic copy of the unit circle \(\mathbb T\). The authors show that, for every real-linear surjective isometry \(S:A \rightarrow B\) between function spaces \(A\) and \(B\), one can associate a homeomorphism \(\sigma : \mathbb T \times \text{Ch} (B) \rightarrow \mathbb T \times \text{Ch} (A)\). An examination of this homeomorphism \(\sigma\) leads to a topological condition on a compact Hausdorff space \(X\) such that every real-linear surjective isometry on a function space of \(C(X)\) has the canonical form. Furthermore, the authors give new examples of real-linear surjective isometries which do not take the canonical form.