On approximation of integrated semigroups (Q536454)

The article deals with approximations of integrated semigroups in space and in time variables. More precisely, the authors deal with a Banach space \(E\), the family of Banach spaces \(E_n\), and a sequence of linear bounded operators \(p_n \in L(E,E_n)\) with the property \(\|p_nx\|_{E_n} \to \|x\|_E\) for any \(x \in E\). This abstract approximation scheme covers finite element methods, finite difference schemes and the projection method. For the approximations of semigroups in space, a closed densely defined operator in \(E\) and closed operators \(A_n\) in \(E_n\) are considered; it is assumed that these operators generate integrated semigroups \(e^{tA}\) and \(e^{tA_n}\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\). For \(B \in L(E)\), \(B_n \in L(E_n)\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\), the symbol \(B_n @>{{\mathcal P}{\mathcal P}}>> B\) means that the relation \(\|x_n - p_nx\|_{E_n} \to 0\) implies the relation \(\|B_nx_n - p_nBx\|_{E_n} \to 0\), \(x_n \in E_n\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\), \(x \in E\). The authors study, under different assumptions about semigroups \(e^{tA}\) and \(e^{tA_n}\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\), the equivalence or implications between any two of the following properties: {\parindent=7mm \begin{itemize}\item[(A)]there exists \(\lambda \in \rho(A) \cap (\cap_n \rho(A_n))\) such that \((\lambda I_n - A_n)^{-1} @>{{\mathcal P}{\mathcal P}}>> (\lambda I - a)^{-1}\), \item[(B)]there are some constant \(M \geq 1\) and \(\omega_1\) such that \(\|e^{tA_n}\|_{L(E_n)} \leq M \exp \, (\omega_1t)\) for \(t \geq 0\) and any \(n \in {\mathbb N}\), and the property \item[(C)]for some \(\omega > 0\) the relation \(e^{t(A_n - \omega I_n)} @>{{\mathcal P}{\mathcal P}}>> e^{t(A - \omega I)}\) holds uniformly with respect to \(t \in [0,\infty)\). \end{itemize}} Similar constructions are considered in the approximations of semigroups in time with the change of operators \(A_n\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\) with operators \(\breve{A}_n = (T_n - I)/\tau_n\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\), and semigroups \(e^{tA_n}\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\) with operators \(\int\limits_0^t T_n^{[s/\tau_n]} \, ds\), \(n = 1,2,\dots\). As partial cases three following cases are considered: \(T_n = (I_n - \tau_nA_n)^{-1}\) (implicit scheme), \(T_n = I + \tau_nA_n\) (explicit scheme), and \(T_n = (I_n + \tau_n/2 A_n)(I_n - \tau_n/2 A_n)^{-1}\) (Crank-Nicolson scheme).