A degenerate case of Andronov-Hopf bifurcation at infinity (Q544719)

Consider the differential equation \[ L(\tfrac{d}{dt}) x = M(\tfrac{d}{dt}) f(x(t),\lambda), \] where \(f\) is a continuous function, \(L\) and \(M\) are polynomial functions of degrees \(l\) and \(m\), respectively. The value \(\lambda_{0}\) is called a point of Andronov-Hopf bifurcation at infinity with frequency \(\omega_{0}\) if for each \(\varepsilon >0\) there exists \(\lambda_{\varepsilon}\in (\lambda_{0} - \varepsilon, \lambda_{0} + \varepsilon)\) such that the equation, with \(\lambda =\lambda_{\varepsilon}\), has a periodic solution \(x_{\varepsilon}(t)\) of period \(T_{\varepsilon}\), with \(|T_{\varepsilon} -\frac{2\pi}{\omega_{0}}| < \varepsilon\) and \(\max|x_{\varepsilon}(t)| > \varepsilon^{-1}\). Assume that \(l>m+1, \omega_{0}\) is a real root of \(L(i \omega)\) and Im\((L( i \omega) M(-i \omega))\) of the same multiplicity, and \(L(k \omega_{0} i) \neq 0\) for \(k=0,2,3,4,\dots\). The author proves that, if \(\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} u f(u, \lambda)\,du \) takes both signs in each neighborhod of \(\lambda_{0}\), then \(\lambda_{0}\) is a point of Andronov-Hopf bifurcation at infinity with frequency \(\omega_{0}\).