Arcs and wedges on rational surface singularities (Q5917894)

Let \(k\) be an algebraically closed field, and let \((S,P_0)\) be a rational surface singularity with residue field \(k\). Let \(\pi: Y\to S\) be the minimal desingularization. In section 2 the author generalizes results for sandwiched singularities given by \textit{M. Lejeune-Jalabert} and \textit{A. Reguera} [Am. J. Math. 121, No. 6, 1191--1213 (1999; Zbl 0960.14015)] to this case. Let \(X\) be a \(k\)-variety, let \(X_\infty\) be the \(k\)-scheme of arcs on \(X\), let \(j: X_\infty\to X\) be the natural projection, and set \(X_\infty^{\mathrm{Sing}}=j^{-1}(^{\mathrm{Sing}}(X))\). Let \(X_{\infty,\infty}\) be the space of wedges, and let \(X_{\infty,\infty}^{\mathrm{Sing}}\) be the closed subset of \(X_{\infty,\infty}\) consisting of those wedges whose generic arc belongs to \(X_\infty^{\mathrm{Sing}}\). An essential divisor over \(X\) is a divisorial valuation \(\nu\) of the function field \(k(X)\) of \(X\) centered in \({\mathrm{Sing}}(X)\), such that the center of \(\nu\) on any resolution of singularities \(\pi: Y\to X\) is an irreducible component of the exceptional locus of \(\pi\). To every essential valuation \(\nu\) on \(X\) there corresponds a point \(P_\nu\) in \(X_\infty\) which is called the stable point defined by \(\nu\). The Nash map \(\mathcal N_X\) is a map from the set of those irreducible components of \(X_\infty^{\mathrm{Sing}}\) which are not contained in \((\mathrm{Sing}(X))_{\infty}\) to the set of essential divisors of \(X\); it is injective, but in general not surjective. Let \(\nu\) be an essential divisor on \(X\) and let \(\pi: Y\to X\) be a resolution of singularities. There are three notions of lifting wedges: lifting wedges in \(X_{\infty,\infty}^{\mathrm{Sing}}\) centered at \(P_\nu\) (cf. Proposition 3.1), lifting wedges centered at \(P_\nu\) (cf. Definition 3.2) and, if the resolution \(\pi\) is a divisorial resolution and \(E_\nu\) is the center of \(\nu\) on \(Y\), lifting \(k\)-wedges (resp.\ lifting \(k\)-wedges in \(X_{\infty,\infty}^{\mathrm{Sing}}\)) with respect to \(E_\nu\). Let \(\pi: Y\to X\) be a resolution of singularities. Using the notion of lifting wedges in \(X_{\infty,\infty}^{\mathrm{Sing}}\), in her paper [Compos. Math. 142, No. 1, 119--130 (2006; Zbl 1118.14004)] the author characterized when an essential valuation lies in the image of the Nash map. Also, if \(k\) is an uncountable field of characteristic \(0\), she showed that if \(\pi\) satisfies the property of lifting \(k\)-wedges (resp.\ of lifting \(k\)-wedges in \(X_{\infty,\infty}^{\mathrm{Sing}})\) with respect to \(E_\nu\), then \(\pi\) satisfies the property of lifting wedges (resp.\ of lifting wedges in \(X_{\infty}^{\mathrm{Sing}}\)) centered at \(P_\nu\). Let \(X\) be a surface, and let \(P_0\in X\) be such that the formal neighborhood \((S,P_0\)) of \(P_0\) on \(X\) has a rational surface singularity. Let \(\Gamma \) be the dual graph of the minimal desingularization of \((S,P_0)\), and let \(\alpha\) be the index of a vertex in \(\Gamma\), hence defining an essential divisor \(\nu_\alpha\) on \(X\). In Corollary 3.10 the author gives a sufficient condition for the property of lifting wedges centered at \(P_{\nu_\alpha}\). The main result is Theorem 5.7, which, in the situation of Cor.\ 3.10, in case \(X\) is a surface over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero and \(\nu_\alpha\) is an essential divisor over \((S,P_0)\), states that the minimal desingularization of \(X\) satisfies the property of lifting wedges centered at \(P_{\nu_\alpha}\), and \(\nu_\alpha\) belongs to the image of the Nash map. A consequence of this result lt is the following (Corollary 5.11): The question of the surjectivity of the Nash map for surfaces reduces to the question of the surjectivity of the Nash map for quasi-rational normal singularities which are not rational. In the last section the author gives in positive characteristic a first counterexample to the \(k\)-wedge lifting problem: the surface singularity \(x^3+y^5+z^2=0\) in characteristic \(2\), \(3\) and \(5\).