Menshov representation spectra (Q5947101)

In 1941 Menshov proved that every \(f\in L^0(\mathbb{T})\), that is, every measurable function \(f\) from \(\mathbb{T}\) to \(\mathbb{C}\) can be represented as a sum of a trigonometric sum \(f(t)= \sum_{k\in\mathbb{Z}} c_k e^{ikt}\) converging a.e. The main aim of the present paper is to investigate the question of how rich the family of exponentials must be in order to ensure the possibility of representation. The authors introduce the following notion. A set \(\Lambda= \{\lambda(n):\cdots< \lambda(-1)< \lambda(0)< \lambda(1)\cdots\}\) of integers is called a Menshov spectrum if every \(f\in L^0(\mathbb{T})\) admits a representation \[ f(t)= \sum_{k\in\Lambda} c_k e^{ikt}= \lim_{N\to \infty} \sum_{k\in\Lambda,|k|\leq N} c_k e^{ikt}\quad\text{a.e.} \] The authors prove seven theorems. We cite here three of them. Theorem 1. Given a positive sequence \(\varepsilon(n)= o(1)\) as \(n\to\infty\), there exists a symmetric Menshov spectrum \(\lambda\) such that \(\lambda(n+1)/\lambda(n)> 1+ \varepsilon(n)\), \(n= 1,2,\dots\)\ . This means that \(\lambda(n+1)- \lambda(n)\) may tend to \(\infty\) as \(|n|\to \infty\). Theorem 2. For any sequence \(w(k)\to \infty\) as \(k\to\infty\), there exists a symmetric Menshov spectrum \(\Lambda\) of the form \(\Lambda= \{\pm k^2+ o(w(|k|))\}\). The set \(\lambda= \{\pm k^2\}\) itself is not a Menshov spectrum, even after any bounded perturbation. If we consider only positive frequencies, it follows from classical results on analytic functions that \(\Lambda= \mathbb{Z}^+\) cannot be a Menshov spectrum. However, if pointwise convergence is replaced by convergence in the \(L^0\)-metric, then the following is true. Theorem 3. Every \(f\in L^0(\mathbb{T})\) can be represented as a sum \(f(t)= \sum_{k> 0} c_k e^{ikt}\) converging in measure.