On the use of Hadamard expansions in hyperasymptotic evaluation of Laplace-type integrals. I: Real variable (Q596153)

This paper considers the application of the Hadamard expansions to the hyperasymptotic evaluation of Laplace integrals of the form \[ I(x)\equiv\int_C e^{xp(t)}f(t)dt \] for large \(x\), where \(x\) is real and positive and the integration path \(C\) is a finite or semi-infinite interval in the complex plane. The standard Hadamard expansion takes the form of a compound expansion: \[ I(x)=\sum_{n=0}^\infty e^{-\Omega_n}S_n(x). \] Each term of this expansion is associated with a different exponential level \(\Omega_n\) and involve an absolutely convergent series \(S_n(x)\) which contains the incomplete gamma function as a smoothing factor. The early terms in each convergent expansion \(S_n(x)\) possess a rapid asymptotic-like decay, but the late terms usually possess only an algebraic-like decay. By means of a clever election of the truncation index in every one of the above mentioned absolutely convergent series \(S_n(x)\) and other computational tricks, the author obtains a different form of the tail in every series \(S_n(x)\) whose terms possess a rapid asymptotic-like decay similar to the decay of the early terms of \(S_n(x)\). It is shown that, when the phase function \(p(t)\) is linear, the Hadamard expansion depends on the singularity structure of the amplitude function \(f(t)\). The author also considers quadratic, cubic and nonpolynomial phase functions. In this case, in addition to the amplitude function, the location of the saddle points of \(p(t)\) also plays a significant role on the structure of the Hadamard expansion. Applying this modification of the Hadamard method, the author obtains fast convergent expansions of the complementary error function, the confluent hypergeometric function, the Airy function and the Gamma function. Several numerical examples illustrate the accuracy and the computational improvement achieved with this new method.