Semiclassical measure for the solution of the dissipative Helmholtz equation (Q603717)
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English | Semiclassical measure for the solution of the dissipative Helmholtz equation |
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Semiclassical measure for the solution of the dissipative Helmholtz equation (English)
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8 November 2010
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Semiclassical Analysis is a sector of the Mathematical Analysis that studies the quantization of observables representing them as pseudodifferential operators. In particular observables can be related to solutions of some differential equation endowed with a parameter \(h\), (considered as a sort of Planck constant) let going to zero (\textit{semiclassical quantization}). In general such solutions are considered belonging to \(L^2\) and one way to interpret their behaviour as \(h\to 0\) is to construct so-called \textit{semiclassical (defect) measures} \(\mu\) in some phase-space, e.g., \({\mathbb R}^{2n}\), giving integral representations of the semiclassical evalued quantized observables. For example a semiclassical (defect) measure associated to the family of solutions \(\{u(h)\}_{0<h\leq h_0}\) is a Radon measure \(\mu\) on \({\mathbb R}^{2n}\), such that for a sequence \(h_j\to 0\), one has \(\langle Op^W_h(a)u(h_j),u(h_j)\rangle\to\int_{{\mathbb R}^{2n}}a(x,\xi)d\mu\), for each symbol \(a\in C^\infty_0({\mathbb R}^{2n})\), and \textit{Weyl quantization} \(Op^W_h(a)\). [The Weyl quantization of \(a\) is the operator \(Op^W_h(a)\) acting on \(u\in{\mathcal S}({\mathbb R}^{2n})\) by the formula \[ \begin{aligned} Op^W_h(a)u(x)&={{1}\over{(2\pi h)}^n}\int_{{\mathbb R}^{2n}}\exp{{{i}\over{n}}\langle x-y,\xi\rangle}a({{x+y}\over{2}},\xi)\, u(y)\, dy\, d\xi\\ &={\mathcal F}^{-1}_h(a(x,.)){\mathcal F}_h(u(.)).\end{aligned} \] Here \({\mathcal S}({\mathbb R}^{2n})\equiv\{\varphi\in C^\infty({\mathbb R}^{2n})\, |\, \sup|x^\alpha\partial^\beta\varphi|<\infty\) for all multiindeces \(\alpha, \beta\}\) is the \textit{Schwartz space} on \({\mathbb R}^{2n}\), and \({\mathcal F}_h\), (resp. \({\mathcal F}^{-1}_h\)), the Fourier transform (resp. inverse Fourier transform), depending on the small parameter \(h\).] In particular, in this paper author studies the semiclassical measures for solutions of the following equation: \[ (-h^2\triangle+V_h-E_h)u_h=S_h,\quad u_h\in L^2({\mathbb R}^{2n})\tag{\(\clubsuit\)} \] called the \textit{dissipative semiclassical Helmoltz equation}, when \(h\to 0^+\), and \(V_h\equiv V_1-ih V_2\) has a non-negative imaginary part of size \(O(h)\). Furthermore, the source term \(S_h\) is allowed to concentrate on any bounded submanifold of \({\mathbb R}^{2n}\). (Author emphasizes that equation (\(\clubsuit\)) encodes the propagation of the electromagnetic field of a laser in the material medium, where \(h\) is the wave length of the laser and \(Re(E_h-V_h)\) is linked to the electronic density of the material medium and plays the role of the refraction index of laser energy by the material.) The main result is just a theorem stating the existence of a non-negative Radon measure \(\mu\) on \({\mathbb R}^{2n}\) that is the semiclassical (defect) measure associated to the family of solutions of equation \((\clubsuit)\), under suitable conditions. (The potential is not assumed to be non-trapping, but trapped trajectories have to go through the region where the absorption index is positive. In that case, the solution is microlocally written around any point away from the source as a sum (finite or infinite) of lagrangian distributions in the sense of L. Hörmander [1971, 1983] and F. Tréves [1982].) The paper, after a detailed Introduction, splits into six chapters. 2. Some preliminary results. (2.1 Damping effect of the absorption index on the semigroup generated by \(H_h\equiv -h^2\triangle+V_1(x)-ihV_2(x)\); 2.2 Classical trajectories around \(\Gamma\); 2.3 Localization around \(E_0\)-energy hypersurface.) 3. Around \(\Gamma\). (3.1 W.K.B. method; 3.2 Critical points of the phase function; 3.3 Small times control.) 4. Partial result for finite times. (4.1 Intermediate times contribution; 4.2 Convergence toward a partial semiclassical measure.) 5. Convergence toward a semiclassical measure. (5.1 Large times control; 5.2 Convergence of the partial measures; 5.3 Characterization of the semiclassical measure.) 6. Estimate of the outgoing solution in the incoming region. Reviewer's remark. Even if semiclassical analysis can yet play an interesting role in studying some particular phenomena, like the ones considered in this paper, it is no more an appropriate mathematical tool to describe quantum problems. Weyl quantization (and the related semiclassical analysis) is an old point of view in the mathematics of quantum systems, (the same WKB method to handle linear equations is very dated) and cannot work for nonlinear problems. A more satisfiable, generally covariant approach to quantized nonlinear PDE's has been formulated more than twenty years ago by the reviewer of this paper [Rep. Math. Phys. 30, No. 3, 273--354 (1991; Zbl 0771.58024)]. There one can see that semiclassical measures are related to spectral measures on the \textit{classic limit} of the \textit{quantum situs} of a PDE. Nowadays, there are more strong mathematical approaches that can be used to describe quantum problems. In fact the nonlinear and nonlocal character of quantum phenomena, requires more noncommutative geometry and more algebraic topology in order to encode such microphysical worlds. Furthermore, the actual mathematics for quantum systems goes beyond the traditional concept of quantization.
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Helmoltz equation
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semiclassical measures
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Lagrangian distributions
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Fourier transforms
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Weyl quantization
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