Quadratic decomposition of bivariate orthogonal polynomials (Q6040010)

Denoting the linear space of bivariate polynomials of total degree not greater than \(n\) by \(\Pi_{n}\), let us consider \(\Pi = \bigcup_{n \geq 0} \Pi_{n} \). The authors consider the set given by \(\{ P_{n,m}(x,y) : 0 \leq m \leq n \, , \, n \geq 0\, \}\) and such that, for a fixed \(n \geq 0\), \(\deg P_{n,m}(x,y)=n\), and \(\{ P_{n,m}(x,y) : 0 \leq m \leq n \, \}\) contains \(n+1\) linearly independent polynomials of total degree exactly \(n\). Writing the vector of polynomials \[ \mathbb{P}_{n } = [ P_{n,0}(x,y) \; P_{n,1}(x,y)\; \cdots \; P_{n,n}(x,y) ] ^{T}, \] the sequence of polynomial vectors of increasing size \(\{ \mathbb{P}_{n }\}_{n \geq 0}\) is called a polynomial system (PS), and it is a basis of \(\Pi\). Furthermore, it is considered monic PS, which means that each entry has the form \[ P_{n,j}(x,y) = x^{n-j}y^{j}+ \sum_{m=0}^{n-1}\sum_{i=0}^{m} a_{m-i,i}x^{m-i}y^{i}\, , \quad 0 \leq j \leq n. \] Taking into account the work of \textit{Y. Xu} [Methods Appl. Anal. 5, No. 2, 169--184 (1998; Zbl 0913.33005); Constr. Approx. 17, No. 3, 383--412 (2001; Zbl 0985.33007)], and recalling symmetry definitions and results from [\textit{C. F. Dunkl} and \textit{Y. Xu}, Orthogonal polynomials of several variables. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2014; Zbl 1317.33001)], as also introducing additional definitions, the authors establish interesting results regarding the families of polynomials obtained by a quadratic decomposition process. The corresponding weight functions are analysed and Bäcklund-type relations are provided.