On orthogonal polynomials obtained via polynomial mappings (Q619066)

The key result of this long and intricate paper is its Theorem 2.1. Let \((p_n)_n\) be a monic orthogonal polynomial system characterized by the general block of recurrence relations \[ (x-b^{(j)}_n)p_{nk+j}(x)=p_{nk+j+1}(x)+a^{(j)}_n p_{nk+j-1}(x),\;j=0,1,\ldots,k-1;\,n=0,1,2,\ldots \] with \(a_n^{(j)}\in\mathbb{C}\setminus\{0\},\,b_n^{(j)}\in\mathbb{C}\) for all \(n\) and \(j\), satisfying the initial conditions \[ p_{-1}(x)=0,\;p_0(x)=1. \] Fix \(r\in\mathbb{C}\), \(k\in\mathbb{N}\) and \(m\in\mathbb{N}\cup\{0\}\) with \(0\leq m\leq k-1\). Then there exist polynomials \(\pi_k\) and \(\theta_m\) of degrees \(k\) and \(m\) resp. and a monic orthogonal polynomial system \(\{(q_n)_n\}\) such that \(q_1(0)=-1\) and \[ p_{kn+m}(x)=\theta_m(x)q_n(\pi_k(x)),\;n=0,1,2,\ldots, \] if and only if the four following conditions hold: \textbf{(i)} \(b_n^{(m)}\) is independent of \(n\) for \(n=0,1,2,\ldots\); \textbf{(ii)} \(\Delta_n(m+2,m+k-1;x)\) is independent of \(n\) for \(n=0,1,2,\ldots\); \textbf{(iii)} \(\Delta_0(m+2,m+k-1;\cdot)\) is divisible by \(\Delta_0(1,m-1;\cdot)\), i.e. there exists a polynomial \(\eta_{k-1-m}\) of degree \(k-1-m\) such that \[ \Delta_0(m+2,m+k-1;x)=\Delta_0(1,m-1;x)\eta_{k-1-m}(x); \] \textbf{(iv)} \(r_n(x)\) is independent of \(x\) for all \(n=1,2,\ldots\), where \[ \begin{align*}{r_n(x)=a_n^{(m+1)}\Delta_n(m+3&,m+k-1;x)-a_0^{(m+1)}\Delta_0(m+3,m+k-1;x)+\cr +&a_n^{(m)}\Delta_{n-1}(m+2,m+k-2;x)-a_0^{(m)}\Delta_0(1,m-2;x)\eta_{k-1-m}(x).\cr}\end{align*} \] Under such conditions, the polynomials \(\theta_m,\,\pi_k\) are given explicitly by \[ \begin{multlined}\theta_m(x)= \Delta_0(1,m-1;x)\equiv p_m(x);\, \pi_k(x)=\\ \Delta_0(1,m;x)\eta_{k-1-m}(x)-a_0^{(m+1)} \Delta_0(m+3,m+k-1;x)+r,\end{multlined} \] and the monic \((q_n)_n\) are generated by \[ q_{n+1}(x)=(x-r_n)q_n(x)-s_nq_{n-1}(x),\;n=0,1,2,\ldots \] with initial conditions \(q_{-1}(x)=0,\,q_0(x)=1\), where \[ r_0:=r,\;r_n:=r+r_n(0);\;s_n:=a_n^{(m)}a_{n-1}^{(m+1)}\cdots a_{n-1}^{(m+k-1)}\;(n=1,2,\ldots). \] Moreover, for each \(j=0,1,\ldots k-1\) and all \(n=0,1,2,\ldots\) \[ \begin{align*}{p_{kn+m+j}(x)={1\over \eta_{k-1-m}(x)}&\{\Delta_n(m+2,m+j;x)q_{n+1}(\pi_k(x))+\cr &\left(\prod_{i=1}^{j+1}\,a_n^{(m+i)}\right)\Delta_n(m+j+3,m+k-1;x)q_n(\pi_k(x))\}\cr}\end{align*}. \] Here \[ \Delta_n(i,j;x):=0\text{ if }j<i-2,\,1\text{ if }j=i-2\text{ and }x-b_n^{(i-1)}\text{ if }j=i-1. \] For \(j\geq i\geq 1\), \(\Delta_n(i,j;x)\) is the determinant of the tri-diagonal matrix with main diagonal \(x-b_n^{i-1},x-b_n^{i},x-b_n^{i+1},\ldots,x-b_n^{j-1},x-b_n^{j}\), super-diagonal \(1,1,\ldots,1\) and sub-diagonal \(a_n^{(i)},a_n^{(i+1)},\ldots,a_n^{(j)}\). After the proof has been given, the authors study the computation of the orthogonality measure (\S3) and treat some special cases (\S4: \(m=0\); \S5: \(m=k-1\)), give an example (\S6: \(k=5,\,m=1\)) and, finally, give a section with the title \textit{The spectrum of a periodic Jacobi operator revisited} (\S7).