Ergodic average of typical orbits and typical functions (Q6042888)

The authors discuss certain asymptotic behavior of typical orbits. Let \((X,d)\) be a compact metric space and \(T:X\to X\) be a continuous map. Denote by \(\mathcal{M}(X)\) and \(\mathcal{M}(X,T)\) the space of probability measures and the space of \(T\)-invariant measures, respectively. For \(x\in X\) and \(f\in C(X)\) define \[\underline{f}(x):=\liminf_{n\to\infty}\frac1n\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}f(T^ix),\] \[\overline{f}(x):=\limsup_{n\to\infty}\frac1n\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}f(T^ix). \] Denote by \[I(f,T):=\{x\in X: \underline{f}(x)\ne\overline{f}(x)\}\] the set of \textit{\(f\)-irregular points} and by \(V_T(x)\) the set of accumulation points of the empirical measures \[\left\{\frac1n\sum_{i=1}^n\delta_{T^ix}\right\}_{n=1}^\infty.\] Let \(\rho\) be a metric for the weak-\(*\) topology on \(\mathcal{M}(X)\). For \(K\subset\mathcal{M}(X,T)\), define \[G^K:=\bigl\{x\in X: K\subset V_T(x)\bigr\},\] \[G^K_\epsilon:=\left\{x\in X:\sup_{\mu\in K}\Bigl(\inf_{\nu\in V_T(x)} \rho\bigl(\mu, \nu\bigr)\Bigr)\le\epsilon\right\},\] and \[\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}:=\left\{\mu\in\mathcal{M}(X,T): G^{\{\mu\}}_\epsilon\text{ is dense in }X\text{ for any }\epsilon>0\right\},\] \[\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{res}}:=\left\{\mu\in\mathcal{M}(X,T): G^{\{\mu\}}\text{ is residual in }X\right\}.\] When \((X,T)\) is transitive, denote \[\mathrm{\mathrm{Trans}}(X,T):=\bigl\{x\in X: \{T^nx:n\in\mathbb{N}\}\text{ is dense in }X\bigr\}\] and \[\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{trans}}:=\bigcup_{y\in\mathrm{Trans}(X,T)}V_T(y).\] When \(X\) is a manifold, a measure \(\mu\in\mathcal{M}(X, T)\) is called \textit{physical-like} if \(G_\epsilon^{\{\mu\}}\) has positive Lebesgue measure for all \(\epsilon>0\). In the first main theorem, under the assumption that \(\#\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}>1\), the authors show that \(\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}=\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{res}}\) and that there exist a residual invariant subset \(Y\subset X\) and an open dense subset \(\mathfrak{U}\subset C(X)\) such that for any \(x\in Y\) and any \(f\in\mathfrak{U}\): (1) \(\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}\subset V_T(x)\); (2) There holds \[\underline{f}(x)\le\inf\limits_{\mu\in\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}}\int f d\mu <\sup\limits_{\mu\in\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}}\int f d\mu\le\overline{f}(x);\] (3) If \(X\) is a manifold, the point \(x\) has \textit{physical-like behavior}, i.e., \(V_T(x)\) contains at least one physical-like measure. If in addition \((X,T)\) is transitive, it is shown that for any \(x\in Y\) and any \(f\in C(X)\): (1) \(x\in \mathrm{Trans}(X,T)\) and \(V_T(x)=\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{trans}}\); (2) There holds \[\underline{f}(x)=\inf\limits_{y\in \mathrm{Trans}(X,T)}\underline{f}(y) =\inf\limits_{\mu\in\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{trans}}}\int f d\mu \] \[ \qquad \qquad \qquad\le\sup\limits_{\mu\in\mathcal{M}_{\mathrm{trans}}}\int f d\mu =\sup\limits_{y\in \mathrm{Trans}(X,T)}\overline{f}(y) =\overline{f}(x);\] (3) The set \[\mathcal{R}:=\left\{f\in C(X): I(f,T)\text{ is residual in } X\right\}\] is open and dense in \(C(X)\). In another theorem the authors show that the property \(\#\mathcal{M}^*_{\mathrm{dense}}>1\) holds if the system is not uniquely ergodic and satisfies certain specification-like properties. Some non-trivial examples are constructed.