Equiconvergence for perturbed Jacobi polynomial expansions (Q6044169)

This paper is on the equiconvergence results between expansions with respect to an orthonormal basis and expansions with respect to a cosine basis. Given an orthonormal basis \(\{u_n\}_{n=0}^\infty\) of \(L^2([0,\pi/2])\) and a doubly indexed sequence \(\{r_{n,N}\}_{n=0,N=0}^{\infty,\infty}\), the paper studies the convergence relations between the multiplier operators \[ T_N f(x) := \sum_{n=0}^\infty r_{n,N}\hat f_u(n) u_n(x) \mbox{ with } \hat f_u(n):= \int_0^{\pi/2} f(x) u_n(x)dx \] and \[ Q_N f(x) := \sum_{n=0}^\infty r_{n,N}\hat f_c(n) c_n(x) \mbox{ with } \hat f_c(n):= \int_0^{\pi/2} f(x) c_n(x)dx, \] where \(\{c_n\}_{n=0}^\infty = \{\sqrt{\frac{4-2\delta_{0n}}{\pi}}\cos(2nx)\}_{n=0}^\infty\) is the cosine basis for \(L^2([0,\pi/2])\). The paper is mainly divided into three parts. First, if the orthonormal basis \(\{u_n\}\) satisfies the five axiomatic properties (P1)--(P5) in the paper, which characterize the resemblance between \(\{u_n\}\) and \(\{c_n\}\), and the doubly indexed sequence \(\{r_{n,N}\}\) satisfies the boundedness conditions in (S1) and (S2), then the paper shows in Theorem 1 that the following result holds: If for a dense subspace \(\Omega\subseteq L^1([0,\pi/2])\), e.g., \(\Omega\) is the set of compactly supported smooth functions, one has \[ \lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}(T_Ng(x)-Q_Ng(x))= 0, \forall x\in (0,\pi/2), \forall g\in \Omega, \] then one has \[ \lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}(T_Nf(x)-Q_Nf(x))= 0, \forall x\in (0,\pi/2), \forall f\in L^1([0,\pi/2]). \] Furthermore, if the convergence for \(g\in\Omega\) is uniform on some set \(\Gamma\subset (0,\pi/2)\), then the convergence for \(f\in L^1([0,\pi/2])\) is uniform on \(\Gamma\) as well. The proof of this result is relied on the estimate (given in Theorem 7) of the closeness between the two kernels \(T_N(x,y) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty r_{n,N}u_n(x)u_n(y)\) and \(Q_N(x,y) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty r_{n,N}c_n(x)c_n(y)\). Second, the paper considers the Sturm-Liouville (Jacobi) operator \(\ell\) in normal form: \[ \ell u:= -u''+\left((\alpha^2-\frac14)\cot^2 t+(\beta^2-\frac14)\tan^2t-\chi(t)\right)u, \] where \(\chi\) is a twice continuously differentiable function on \(\mathbb{R}\), even with respect to \(0\) and \(\pi/2\), and \(\alpha\ge \beta>-\frac12\). The paper studies the properties of the solutions of the eigenvalue problem \(\ell u = \mu u\) and the domain \(\mathcal{D}\) such that \(\tilde\ell:=\ell|_{\mathcal{D}}\) is self-adjoint and bounded from below. Consequently, there exists an orthonormal basis \(\{u_n\}\) associated with \(\tilde \ell\). The paper shows that such an orthonormal basis satisfies the five axiomatic properties (P1)--(P5). For a special doubly indexed sequence \(\{r_{n,N}\}\) satisfying (S1), (S2), and \(\lim_{N\rightarrow\infty} r_{n,N} = R\) for some number \(R\) independent of \(n\), then the paper (in Theorem 24, also see Theorem 23) shows that for all compactly supported smooth functions, \(\lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}T_Ng(x)=\lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}Q_Ng(x)=Rg(x)\) uniformly on \((0,\pi/2)\), and consequently, one has \(\lim_{N\rightarrow\infty}(T_Nf(x)-Q_Nf(x))= 0\), for all \(x\in (0,\pi/2)\) and for all \(f\in L^1([0,\pi/2])\). Such doubly indexed sequences exist and can be given by \(r_{n,N} = \frac{A_{N-n}^\theta}{A_{N}^\theta}\) with \(A_n^\theta = \binom{n+\theta}{n}\). Classical results for Cesàro means of Fourier series with respect to the cosine basis can be restated in the same form for the Cesàro means with respect to the basis \(\{u_n\}\). The last part of the paper studies the perturbed Jacobi operator \(L\) in the general form: \[ Lv = \frac{1}{A}(Av^\prime)^\prime, \] where \(A(t)\) is given by \(A(t) = (\sin t)^{2\alpha+1}(\cos t)^{2\beta+1}B(t)\), \(\alpha\ge \beta>-\frac12\), and \(B(t)\) is \(\pi\)-periodic positive function in \(C^4(\mathbb{R})\). The operator \(L\) can be transformed to the normal form \(\ell u = -u^{\prime \prime}+qu\) by using the Liouville transform \(u(t) = A^{1/2}(t) v(t)\), and then by the previous results, there is an orthonormal basis \(\{v_n\}\) associated with \(L\) for the weighted space \(L^2((0,\pi/2),A(t)dt)\). The previous results can be recast in terms of the operator \(T_N^Af(t):=\sum_{n=0}^\infty r_{n,N} \mathcal{F}f(n) v_n(t)\) with \(\mathcal{F}f(n):=\int_0^{\pi/2} f(t) v_n(t) A(t)dt\) and \(A^{-1/2}(t) Q_N(A^{1/2}f)(t)\) (see Theorem 25). Finally, the paper discusses a few results on the pointwise convergence of the partial sums of the Fourier series with respect to \(\{v_n\}\) in the space \(L^p((0,\pi/2),A(t)dt)\) and the Hausdorff dimension of the sets of divergence of functions with certain \(L^2\) regularity.