Transcendental Liouvillian solutions of first order nonlinear differential equations (Q6049536)

Let \(F\) be a differential field of characteristic zero with an algebraically closed field of constants, \(P\in F[Y],degP\geq2\) and (1) \(Y'=P(Y)\) be a differential equation. In the paper the author analyses the relationship between algebraic and transcendental Liouvillian solutions of Eq. (1). The presence of the Liouvillian solution at the equation Eq. (1) imposes strong restrictions on the number and nature of its algebraic solutions. The author proves a number of results describing these restrictions. For example \textbf{Theorem.} Suppose that \(y\) is a transcendental Liouvillian solution of Eq. (1). Then the following conditions hold: (i) The differential equation has finitely many algebraic solutions. (ii) If \(y_{1}\) is another transcendental solution of the differential equation, then the differential fields \(F(y)\) and \(F(y_{1})\) are isomorphic. The paper has the following question. Given any \(\alpha\in\bar{F}\), it is natural to ask whether there exists a first order nonlinear differential equation of the form Eq. (1) that has a transcendental solution in an exponential extension of \(F\) and \(\alpha\) as an algebraic solution. The answer to this question is always positive if \(\alpha'/\alpha\in F\), as the following example shows (2) \(t'=-t^{2}+\dfrac{4x^{2}+1}{4x^{2}-2x}t-\dfrac{2x+1}{4x^{2}-2x}\) The differential equation (2) has the transcendental solutions \(t=\dfrac{e^{x}+\frac{\lambda}{2\sqrt{x}}}{e^{x}+\lambda\sqrt{x}},\lambda\in\mathbb{C^{*}}\)and two algebraic solution \(t_{1}=1,t_{2}=\dfrac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}\) in the exponential extension \(\mathbb{C}(x,\sqrt{x},e^{x})\) of \(\mathbb{C}(x).\) The algebraic dependence of solutions of a first order differential equation is also considered in the recent publication [\textit{P. Kumbhakar} et al., J. Algebra 644, 580--608 (2024; Zbl 07804812)].