Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation of codimensions 3 and 4 in a Holling and Leslie type predator-prey system with strong Allee effect (Q6059207)

The authors consider the predator-prey model \[ \dot x=x(1-x)(x-m)-\frac{xy}{a+bx^2}, \quad \dot y=cy\left(1-\frac{y}{x}\right) \] with \(0<m\ll1\) and the other parameters positive. The authors shows that the system has three singularities \(E_1\), \(E_2\) and \(E_3\) on the first open quadrant of the plane and at each singularity they find a local normal form and then use these normal forms to study the bifurcations of the system. Their main result is that \(E_1\) and \(E_3\) are cusps of codimension two for all parameters, while \(E_2\) is a degenerate Bogdanov-Takens singularity (focus, saddle or elliptic case) of codimension 3 or a cusp of codimension 2, 3 or 4 for different parameter values. Moreover, the authors proves that there are four regions on the space of parameters such that the system admits three simultaneous limit cycles.