Trajectory attractors for binary fluid mixtures in 3D (Q606377)

This paper considers two different models for the evolution of incompressible binary fluid mixtures in three-dimensional bounded domains and their long term dynamics. The models are based on the incompressible Navier Stokes equation coupled with either a convective Allen-Cahn or Cahn-Hilliard equation. The general form of the model is \[ \partial_{t}u + u \cdot \nabla u - \operatorname{div}(\nu(\varphi) Du) + \nabla p = k \mu \nabla \varphi + g, \quad \operatorname{div}u =0, \] \[ \partial_{t}\varphi + u \cdot \nabla \varphi + A_{K}(\varphi)\mu =0, \qquad \mu=-\varepsilon \Delta \varphi + \alpha f(\varphi), \] where the operator \(A_{K}(\varphi)\) is defined in two ways \[ A_{\text{CH}}(\varphi)\mu =- \operatorname{div}({\mathcal M}(\varphi)\nabla \mu), \qquad A_{\text{AC}}(\varphi)\mu=\mu \] corresponding to the Cahn-Hilliard and the Allen-Cahn binary fluid respectively. The study of the system is complicated by the lack of uniqueness which requires appropriate modification of the definition of attractor. Among the various options available, the authors use the approach of the trajectory attractor which uses the trajectory space as the phase space and the translation semigroup acting on them. The existence of weak solutions, for both cases, is proved by means of the Faedo-Galerkin method, along with dissipative estimates. The dynamical system is defined in the appropriate functional framework and the existence of trajectory attractors is proved under suitable conditions on the forcing term and the nonlinear function \(f\).