Solvability in the sense of sequences for some non-Fredholm operators with the logarithmic Laplacian (Q6076261)

This article is concerned with the solvability in the \(L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\) space (\(d\geq 1\)) of the problem \(\frac{1}{2}[\ln(-\Delta)]u-au=f(x)\) in \(\mathbb{R}^d\), where \(f\in L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\), \(a\in \mathbb{R}\). Here \(\ln(-\Delta)\) is the logarithmic Laplacian whose Fourier symbol is \(2\ln|\xi|\), which arises as formal derivative \(\partial s(-\Delta)^s\) of the fractional Laplacian \((-\Delta)^s\) at \(s = 0\). If \(d=1\), it is shown that the above equation has a unique solution \(u\in L^2(\mathbb{R})\) if and only if the orthogonality condition \(\int_{\mathbb{R}^d} f(x) e^{\pm ie^a x}dx=0\) holds. If \(d\geq 2\) then the above equation has a unique solution \(u\in L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)\) if and only if \(\int_{\mathbb{R}^d} f(x) e^{ip x}dx=0\) for all \(p\in \mathbb{R}^d\), \(|p|=e^a\). The above results are extended in the sense of convergent sequences of solutions as well as to the more general problem \(\frac{1}{2}[\ln(-\Delta)+V(x)]u-au=f(x)\) in \(\mathbb{R}^3\), where \(V(x)\) is a potential with a suitable decay at infinity. The approach combines tools of the spectral with scattering theory methods for the non-Fredholm Schrödinger type operators.