The Schröder-Bernstein property for modules over algebras (Q6137345)

In set theory, the Schröder-Bernstein theorem states that, let \(X\) and \(Y\) be two disjoint non-empty sets. Suppose that there are bijections from \(X\) to a subset of \(Y\) and that from \(Y\) to a subset of \(X\). Then there is a bijection from \(X\) to \(Y\). Similarly, the question of whether any two sub-isomorphic algebraic structures are isomorphic has long been of interest, usually called the Schröder-Bernstein (S-B) problem. For the case of modules, \textit{R. T. Bumby} [Arch. Math. 16, 184--185 (1965; Zbl 0138.26702)] proved that the S-B problem has a positive solution for modules which are invariant under endomorphisms of their injective envelope. Later, \textit{S. E. Dickson} and \textit{K. R. Fuller} [Pac. J. Math. 31, 655--658 (1969; Zbl 0185.09301)] initiated the study of modules, which are invariant under all automorphisms of their injective envelopes. Recently, \textit{P. A. Guil Asensio} et al. [J. Algebra 498, 153--164 (2018; Zbl 1439.16003)] showed that the S-B property holds for modules invariant under endomorphisms of their pure-injective envelopes or for flat modules invariant under endomorphisms of their cotorsion envelopes or for modules that are invariant under automorphisms of their pure-injective envelopes. In the paper under review, the authors start by constructing an example of an \(K\)-algebra (\(K\), a field) \(R=\begin{pmatrix} K & 0\\ K & K \end{pmatrix}\) given by the quiver \(\bullet_1 \longrightarrow \bullet_2\) with two non-isomorphic projective modules \(P\) and \(Q\) showing that the S-B problem has a negative solution for \(P\) and \(Q\). Then the author deduces several interesting corollaries such as let \(R=\begin{pmatrix} K & 0\\ K & K \end{pmatrix}\) be the \(K\)-algebra. Consider \(X=P\oplus Q\), \(Y= P' \oplus Q'\) with \(P\) and \(P'\) semisimple projective and \(Q\), \(Q'\) injective left \(R\)-modules. Assume further that there exists a monomorphism \(f\) from \(X\) to \(Y\) and a monomorphism \(g\) from \(Y\) to \(X\). Then one can obtain an isomorphism between \(Q\) and \(Q'\). The rest of the article explored possibilities for S-B properties for two modules \(X\) and \(Y\) over arbitrary rings or sometimes over certain rings such as left noetherian left hereditary ring and when such an isomorphism can not be possible. The paper ends with the following result (see Theorem 2.17): Let \(R\) be any ring and \(\mathcal O\) a class of left \(R\)-modules satisfying \((i)\) \(\mathcal O\) is closed under direct sums, and \((ii)\) \(\mathcal O\) is closed under injective envelopes. Then \(\mathcal O\) satisfies the S-B property if and only if every module of \(\mathcal O\) is injective.