On the existence and structure of universal functions for weighted spaces \(L^1_\mu [0,1]\) (Q6147681)

Many mathematicians were interested in so-called universal functions in various senses. For example, it is said that a function \(U \in L^1[0, 1]\) is universal for a weighted space \(L_{\mu}^p[0,1]\) with respect to a system \(\{ \varphi_k\}\) in the sense of signs, if for each function \(f\in L_{\mu}^p[0, 1]\) one can choose numbers \(\delta_k=\pm 1\) so that the series \(\sum_{k=0} ^{\infty}\delta_kc_k(U)\varphi_k(x)\) converges to \(f\) in the \(L_{\mu}^p[0, 1]\) metric. Here \(c_k(U)\) are the Fourier coefficients of \(U\) with respect to \(\{ \varphi_k\}\). Earlier, the authors [ J. Funct. Anal. 270, No. 8, 3111--3133 (2016; Zbl 1333.42049)] proved a theorem that there exists a function \(g\in L^1[0, 1]\) and a weight function \(0<\mu(x)\leq 1\) so that \(g\) is universal for the weighted space \(L_{\mu}^1[0, 1]\) with respect to the Walsh system in the sense of signs. In the present paper, the authors improve this result in the sense that a universal function can be obtained from an arbitrary integrable function by changing it on a set of arbitrarily small measure. More precisely, for each number \(\varepsilon \in (0, 1)\) there exists a measurable set \(E_{\varepsilon}\subset [0, 1]\) with measure \(\mid E_{\varepsilon}\mid>1-\varepsilon\) and a weight function \(0< \mu(x)\leq 1\) with condition \(\mu(x)= 1\) on \(E_{\varepsilon}\) so that for every function \(f\in L^1[0, 1]\) one can find a function \(\tilde{f}\in L^1[0, 1]\) which coincides with \(f\) on \(E_{\varepsilon}\) and is universal for the weighted space \(L_{\mu}^1[0, 1]\) with respect to the Walsh system in the sense of signs.