The Planck boundary within the hyperspace of the circle of pseudo-arcs (Q6155541)

''The main goal of this paper is to reveal interesting geometric structures emerging from the study of hyperspaces of decomposable, non-locally connected homogeneous continua, in particular the hyperspaces of the circle of pseudo-arcs and the Menger curve of pseudo-arcs. ``The authors are mainly interested in \(C(X)\), the hyperspace of subcontinua of such \(X\).\par The first part of the paper presents an expository review of some of the history of the developments involving pseudo-arcs, pseudo-circles, Whitney maps, and related topics. In Section 4 there are definitions of filament and ample subcontinua of a homogeneous continuum \(X\). These might be denoted \(\mathcal{F}(X)\) and \(\mathcal{A}(X)\), the former being ``thin,'' the latter being ``thick.'' If \(X\) is a decomposable nowhere locally connected homogeneous continuum, then the pair \(\{\mathcal{F}(X),\mathcal{A}(X)\}\) is a decomposition of \(C(X)\). This and other facts can be found in Theorem 4.1. If \(\Psi\) is a circle of pseudo-arcs, then by Definition 7.1, the Planck boundary of \(C(\Psi)\) is denoted, \(\mathcal{P}(\Psi)=\mathcal{A}(\Psi)\cap\overline{\mathcal{F}}(\Psi)\).\par There is a continuous decomposition \(\mathcal{D}(\Psi)=\{P_\alpha\,\vert \,\alpha\in[0,2\pi)\}\) of \(\Psi\) into terminal pseudo-arcs \(P_\alpha\) (see page 459) whose quotient space is \(S^1\). \par \textbf{Theorem 7.1.} The Planck boundary of \(C(\Psi)\) is a continuum in \(C(\Psi)\) consisting of the minimal ample subcontinua of \(\Psi\), which are the maximal terminal pseudo-arcs from the decomposition \(\mathcal{D}(\Psi)\).\par The authors find a particular circle of pseudo-arcs (page 463) which they denote \(\Psi_0\) by employing a certain continuous decomposition of \(S^2\) and putting \(\Psi_0\) equal the inverse image of \(S^1\subset S^2\) under the quotient map. Using the Whitney metric, they find a specific \(l>0\) which they call the Planck constant of \(\Psi_0\). Theorem 7.2, which we shall not state, involves \(C(\Psi_0)\) which is to be endowed with the Whitney metric \(d_\mu\) as defined in Section 5.2. There are six statements in the conclusion of this theorem; we mention the first: (a) The length structure defined by the order-arcs has a nonnegative metric curvature. \par In the final section, Section 8, there is a statement to the effect that there exists a Menger curve of pseudo-arcs. For this the authors state that a Planck boundary can be defined, and this happens to be a Menger curve. Other remarks about the hyperspace of subcontinua of the Menger curve are made.