A complete classification of homogeneous plane continua (Q730075)

In 1920, B. Knaster and C. Kuratowski asked if the only nondegenerate homogeneous plane continua are embedded copies of \(S^1\). In 1948, R. H. Bing showed that the answer is no, by proving that pseudo-arcs are homogeneous. A third type of nondegenerate homogeneous plane continuum, the circle of pseudo-arcs, was added to the mix by R. H. Bing and F. B. Jones in 1954. Following that, it was natural to ask if the aforementioned three classes of nondegenerate plane continua are the only ones that are homogeneous. For a more substantive historical perspective on this, one might examine the Introduction of the current paper which, in addition to tracing the developments in this subject, has many references that show in more detail the stages of progress on this question along the way. The main result of this work is a proof that the only classes of nondegenerate homogeneous plane continua are: embedded copies of \(S^1\), pseudo-arcs, and circles of pseudo-arcs.