The phase-space architecture in extrasolar systems with two planets in orbits of high mutual inclination (Q6155758)

The paper describes, through analytic, semi-analytic, and numerical techniques, the chain of bifurcations of periodic orbits that occurs as the mutual inclinations of two planets are increased from zero in the Poincaré heliocentric three-body problem. The transition from the two planar apsidal corotations to the Lidov-Kozai regime is obtained by analyzing the decomposition of the full secular Hamiltonian in Poincaré canonical coordinates, \[ {\mathcal H}_{\mathrm{sec}} = {\mathcal H}_{\mathrm{int}} + {\mathcal H}_{1,\mathrm{space}}, \] for fixed AMD (a.k.a.\,Angular Momentum Deficit), where \({\mathcal H}_{\mathrm{int}}\) is an integrable Hamiltonian. After a multi-pole expansion followed by averaging, a ``book-keeping'' technique is employed with Jacobi reduction of the nodes to obtain this decomposition. The two planar apsidal corotations are solution of \({\mathcal H}_{\mathrm{int}}\) when the mutual inclinations are zero. A Birkhoff-like normal form is used to show that the two apsidal corotations (and their neighbouring quasiperiodic solutions) continue into the full 3D regime when the mutual inclinations are perturbed from zero. In the transition from the planar aligned apsidal corotation \(B\), as the mutual inclinations increase, there occurs the birth of two periodic families \(C_1\) and \(C_2\) via a saddle node bifurcation (in the surfaces of section), followed by \(C_1\) switching from unstable to stable via a pitchfork bifurcation, and lastly \(B\) becoming unstable by an inverse pitchfork bifurcation. The Lidov-Kozai instability is numerically observed in the same surfaces of section as the periodic family \(C_2\) turns from stable to instable at a critical energy (which is related to a mutual inclination).