Smooth stationary water waves with exponentially localized vorticity (Q6160163)

The authors consider the 2D domain \(\Omega (t)=\{(x_{1},x_{2})\in \mathbb{R} ^{2}:-1<x_{2}<1+\eta (t,x)\}\) and the incompressible Euler equation \(\partial_{t}v+(v\cdot \nabla )v+\nabla p+ge_{2}=0\), where \(v:\Omega (t)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}\) is the velocity, \(p:\Omega (t)\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{2}\) the pressure, \(g>0\) the constant gravitational acceleration, and \(e_{2}=(0,1)\). The kinematic boundary conditions: \(v_{2}=0\) on \(x_{2}=-1\), and \(\partial_{t}\eta =-v_{1}\partial_{x_{1}}\eta +v_{2}\) on \(x_{2}=1+\eta (t,x_{1})\), are imposed. The dynamic condition according to the Young-Laplace law: \(p=\alpha ^{2}\kappa\) is imposed on the upper surface: \(x_{2}=1+\eta (t,x_{1})\), where \(\alpha >0\) is the constant surface tension and \(\kappa =\frac{\partial_{x_{1}}^{2}\eta}{(1+(\partial_{x_{1}}\eta )^{2})^{3/2}}\) the signed curvature. In terms of the stream function \(\Psi\) and vorticity \(\omega\), the above equation and boundary conditions can be expressed as: \(\partial_{t}\omega +v\cdot \nabla \omega =0\) in \(\Omega (t)\), \(\Psi \mid_{\partial \Omega}=0\), \(\frac{1}{2}\left\vert \nabla \Psi \right\vert ^{2}+gx_{2}+\alpha ^{2}\kappa =g\) on \(x_{2}=1+\eta (t,x_{1})\). The authors introduce a vorticity function \(\gamma\) so that \(\omega =\gamma (\Psi )\), with \(\gamma \in C^{k_{0}}(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\), \(k_{0}\geq 2\), satisfying \(\gamma (0)=0\), \(\gamma ^{\prime}(0)=1\), and they suppose that the equation \(\Delta U=\gamma (U)\) has a nontrivial radial solution \(U\in C^{k_{0}+2}(\mathbb{R}^{2})\), satisfying \(U(x),U^{\prime}(x)\rightarrow 0\) as \(\left\vert x\right\vert \rightarrow \infty\). They also suppose that the kernel of \(-\Delta +\gamma ^{\prime}(U):H^{2}(\mathbb{R} ^{2})\rightarrow L^{2}(\mathbb{R}^{2})\) is equal to \(span\{\partial_{x_{1}}U,\partial_{x_{2}}U\}\). The main result proves that for any \(\gamma\) satisfying the preceding hypotheses, there exists \(\delta_{0}>0\) such that, for each \(\delta \in (0,\delta_{0})\), there is a finite energy solution \((\Psi,\eta )\in (H_{0}^{1}(\Omega )\cap H^{k_{0}}(\Omega ))\times H^{k_{0}}(\mathbb{R})\) to the stationary water wave problem. Both \(\Psi\) and \(\eta\) are even in \(x_{1}\). Moreover, there exists a constant \(C>0\), independent of \(\delta\) but depending on \(\gamma\), such that for each \(\delta \in (0,\delta_{0})\) there exists \(\tau\) with \(\left\vert \tau \right\vert \leq C\delta ^{-7/2}e^{-2/\delta}\) satisfying \(\left\vert \Psi -\Psi_{0}\right\vert_{H^{k_{0}}(\Omega )}\leq C\delta ^{1-2k_{0}}e^{-2/\delta}\), \(\left\vert \eta \right\vert_{H^{k_{0}}(\mathbb{ R})}\leq C\delta ^{1-k_{0}}e^{-2/\delta}\), and \(\left\vert \eta -\eta_{0}\right\vert_{H^{k_{0}}(\mathbb{R})}\leq C\delta ^{3/4-2k_{0}}e^{-3/\delta}\), for functions \(\Psi_{0}\) and \(\eta_{0}\) expressed in terms of \(U\). The authors first write the problem in a fixed domain using a conformal mapping \(\Gamma\), which becomes an unknown instead of \(\eta\). They introduce vertical translates of the solution \(U\) defined as \(U(\cdot,\tau )=U(\cdot -\frac{\tau}{\delta}e_{2})\), for \(\tau \in \lbrack -1/3;1/3]\), \(\delta\) measuring the thinness of the fixed domain. The authors prove estimates on these vertical translates and on their boundary corrections. They consider a linearization of the problem and prove spectral properties of the associated linear operator. They finally use a Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction to prove the main result.