Existence and multiplicity of rotating periodic solutions for Hamiltonian systems with a general twist condition (Q6165622)

Consider Hamiltonian systems of the form \[ \dot{x}=J \nabla H(t, x),\qquad t\in\mathbb{R}, \; x \in \mathbb{R}^{2 N}, \] where \(J\) is the standard symplectic matrix in \(\mathbb{R}^{2 N}\) and \(\nabla H(t, x)\) denotes the gradient of \(H(t, x)\) with respect to the variable \(x\). Suppose that \(H \in C^2\left(\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{R}^{2 N}, \mathbb{R}\right)\) is such that \(H(t+T, x)=H\left(t, Q^{-1} x\right)\) for some \(T>0\) and a symplectic orthogonal matrix \(Q\) in \(\mathbb{R}^{2 N}\). Solutions of such Hamiltonian systems satisfying \(x(t+T)=Q x(t)\) for all \(t \in \mathbb{R}\) are called \textit{rotating periodic solutions}, and generalize the notion of periodic solutions, subharmonic solutions, and quasi-periodic solutions with symmetry. Combining a finite-dimensional reduction method, Morse theory, and the minimax principle, the authors establish the existence and multiplicity of rotating periodic solutions of such systems under a general twist condition, namely, under the requirement that the nonlinear term \(\nabla H(t, x)\) is of linear growth but not necessarily asymptotically linear at infinity.