Resonant-superlinear and resonant-sublinear Dirichlet problems (Q6186322)

The authors present existence results for the Dirichlet problems of type \[ \begin{cases} -\Delta_p u(z)-\Delta_qu(z)=\hat{\lambda}_1(p)|u(z)|^{p-2}u(z)+f(z,u(z)) &\text{in }\Omega,\\ u=0 &\text{on }\partial \Omega, \end{cases} \] where \(\Omega\subseteq \mathbb{R}^N\), \(N \geq 2\), is a bounded domain with a \(C^2\)-boundary \(\partial \Omega\), \(1<q<p\), \(\Delta_r\) for \(1<r<\infty\) denotes the \(r\)-Laplacian, \(\hat{\lambda}_1(p)>0\) is the principal eigenvalue of the \(p\)-Laplacian with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions and \(f\colon \Omega \times \mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}\) is a Carathéodory function which exhibits asymmetric behavior as \( x \to \pm\infty\). Furthermore, resonance can occur when \(x\to -\infty\) while as \(x\to +\infty\) the equation is superlinear. Based on variational tools combined with critical groups, the authors prove several multiplicity theorems for nonlinear, nonhomogeneous equations and for semilinear equations driven by the Laplacian.